TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed analysis of adhesive-bonded repairs for thin sheet metal construction and apply them to composite aircraft structures, including the Mirage III lower wing skin.
Abstract: 1. Introductory chapter.- 1.1 Bonded vs bolted repairs.- 1.2 Combined bonded/bolted repairs.- 1.3 Adhesives.- 1.4 Adhesive testing.- 1.5 Surface preparation.- 1.6 Environmental behaviour.- 1.7 Summary.- 2. Surface treatments for bonded repairs of metallic components.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Background.- 2.3 Structural aluminium alloys.- 2.4 Phosphoric acid anodizing.- 2.5 Chromic acid anodizing.- 2.6 Titanium alloys.- 2.7 Summary.- 3. Design and analysis of bonded repairs for metal aircraft structures.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Design of adhesive bonded repairs in thin sheet metal construction.- 3.3 Residual strength of flawed or damaged bonded joints.- 3.4 Acceptance criteria for bonded flaws and damage.- 3.5 The pitfalls of life prediction for adhesive-bonded joints.- 3.6 Surface preparation for adhesive bonded repair of metal structure.- 3.7 Conclusions.- 4. Crack patching: design aspects.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The finite element formulation.- 4.3 Repair of cracks in Mirage III lower wing skin - a design study.- 4.4 Neutral axis offset effects.- 4.5 Initial design procedures.- 4.6 Comparison with experimental and 3-D results.- 4.7 Repair of semi elliptical surface flaws.- 4.8 Repair of cracked holes.- 4.9 Repair of cracked fastener holes.- Appendix A.- 5. Theoretical analysis of crack patching.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Formulation and notation.- 5.3 Load transfer to bonded reinforcements.- 5.4 Two stage analytical solution.- 5.5 Residual thermal stress due to adhesive curing.- 5.6 Bending effects.- 5.7 Partial reinforcement.- 5.8 Conclusion.- 6. Crack patching: experimental studies, practical applications.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Adhesive system and process selection.- 6.3 Thermal and residual stress problems.- 6.4 Design correlations and materials allowables.- 6.5 A preliminary design approach.- 6.6 Crack propagation behaviour.- 6.7 Applications of crack patching.- 7. Repair of composite aircraft.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Composite fabrication.- 7.3 Defects.- 7.4 Repair materials.- 7.5 Bonded repair - composite repair concepts.- 7.6 Effect of moisture on bonded repairs of composites.- 7.7 Design of bonded repairs.- 7.8 Composite service damage experience.- 7.9 Specific component repair.- 7.10 Future requirements.
TL;DR: In this article, the area of structural bonded repair of composites is broadly reviewed, starting from damage assessment to automation, to identify current scientific challenges and future opportunities, and the authors propose a robust, reliable and repeatable structural bond repair procedures to restore damaged composite components.
TL;DR: In this article, the ABAQUS software and special developed interface finite elements including a cohesive mixed-mode damage model based on the indirect use of Fracture Mechanics were used to evaluate the stress distributions and the residual strength under tensile loading of a repaired composite plate.
TL;DR: The use of air abrasion and Prime & Bond 2.0 adhesive consistently improved the shear bond strength for both composites tested and resulted in the strongest repairs.
Abstract: Statement of Problem. Some clinical situations may require the repair of a secondary polymerized or aged composite. The higher indirect resin conversion rate may prove to be a disadvantage if a repair procedure based on covalent bonding from unreacted methacrylate groups is attempted. Purpose. This study evaluated the effectiveness of different combinations of surface treatments and 2 bonding agents used to enhance heat-polymerized and aged composite repairs. Material and Methods. Ninety Herculite XRV and 90 Heliomolar Radiopaque specimens were prepared and then postpolymerized and stored for 4 weeks. All composites were subjected to 1 of 9 treatment regimens that involved adding fresh composite onto a corresponding postpolymerized composite (Herculite/Herculite or Heliomolar/Heliomolar). The surfaces were treated with different combinations of air abrasion, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, acetone, Special Bond II, Heliobond, and Prime & Bond 2.0. Results. Surface treatment with air abrasion resulted in the strongest repairs; surface treatment with phosphoric acid resulted in the weakest repairs. Conclusion. The use of air abrasion and Prime & Bond 2.0 adhesive consistently improved the shear bond strength for both composites tested. (J Prosthet Dent 2001;86:481-8.)
TL;DR: An overview of recent advances of EACS is presented, salient explanation of the crashworthiness indices and failure mechanisms during deformation of EacS are given, and the need of sensors, green and e-maintenance in EACs for sustainable maintenance is addressed.