Abstract: Hans de Wit - PhD, Director of the Center for International Higher Education (CIHE) and Professor of the Practice at the Lynch School of Education at Boston College. Address: 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467. E-mail: dewitj@bc.eduInternationalization as a concept and strategic agenda is a relatively new but broad and varied phenomenon, driven by a dynamic combination of political, economic, socio-cultural and academic rationales and stakeholders. This article addresses the following points: What are the historical dimensions of internationalization? What are the key factors in international higher education that are impacted by and impact this phenomenon? How do we understand its evolution as a concept? What national policies are developed to enhance the international competitiveness of higher education? What are the implications for institutional strategies for internationalization? It concludes with some lessons and recommendations for Russian higher education to learn from these trends and issues concerning internationalization in higher education.

Abstract: The present article examines - through a consideration of developments in the most recent and most topical areas of contract law - whether and in what areas the contract law of various Commonwealth jurisdictions has diverged (in the main, from English law) and, more importantly, why such divergence has occurred. It also considers areas where there have been both flux and divergence in the sense that there is both uncertainty in development as well as divergence between jurisdictions (notably, in discharge by breach of contract, unconscionability as well as emerging categories of contractual damages). The article also attempts, in explaining why the respective areas developed in the way they did, to draw out some normative threads that might simultaneously furnish Commonwealth courts with legal methodology as well as tools for developing the law in their respective jurisdictions (bearing in mind the fact that these normative threads do not (and cannot) operate in a mechanistic fashion).

Abstract: Assessments of early postwar understandings of the power and potential of the Commonwealth have suggested the body either failed to shield the British public from a sense of national decline or tha...

Abstract: This work was supported by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Doctoral Award (752-2016-2085), The Cambridge Commonwealth, European and International Trust, and Trinity Hall College, University of Cambridge.

Abstract: Introduction, Simon Faulkner and Anandi Ramamurthy 'Festering Britain': the 1951 Festival of Britain, decolonisation and the representation of the Commonwealth, Jo Littler Images of industrialisation in Empire and Commonwealth during the shift to neo-colonialism Anandi Ramamurthy Late colonial exoticism: John Minton's pictures of Jamaica, 1950 - 52, Simon Faulkner Frances Newton Souza and Aubrey Williams: entwined art histories at the end of Empire, Leon Wainwright A journey through the imperial gaze: Birmingham's photographic collections and its Caribbean nexus, Sandra Courtman Can Whisky come too?, Patricia Holland and Emma Sandon There'll always be an England: representations of colonial wars and immigration, 1948 - 68, Wendy Webster Casting a giant shadow: the appropriation of colonial imagery in three pro-Zionist films, Richard Farrow Fragments in the history of the visual culture of anti-colonial struggle, Hakim Adi and Anandi Ramamurthy Afterword: 'Ways of seeing', Bill Schwarz Index.

Abstract: This chapter examines the way in which one welfare agency is organized to accomplish this task. The Lakeside Office, as it will be called, is one of several district offices of a Bureau of Public Assistance located in a metropolitan county of a large western state. The setting is characterized, first, by the routine collection, production, and use of records; and second, by the way in which the factuality, objectivity, and impersonality of the information contained in those records is an everyday, practical concern, and an everyday, practical accomplishment. The Social Security Act, enacted August 14, 1935, with subsequent amendments, is the legislative basis and chief impetus of the present public assistance programs operated by state, territorial, and commonwealth jurisdictions. The Social Security Act specifies certain general conditions for federal grants-in-aid to the states. The states determine definitions of need, eligibility, and amount of assistance, usually by means of a Welfare Code enacted by the legislature.

Abstract: What happens in classrooms may seem far away from the politics of Canberra, but since the early 1980s there have been concerted attempts on the part of successive Commonwealth governments to influence directly what happens in classrooms. The problem with this is that education in general was never intended to be a responsibility of Federal governments. In the division of roles and powers between different levels of government, the Australian constitution made it clear that education was reserved as a responsibility for State (and eventually Territory) governments. Thus what Commonwealth governments have tried to do over time is gradually shift this responsibility so at the very least it is regarded as shared. This shift has taken place gradually with Commonwealth governments inching their way forward making a little progress with each move. While the move has been supported by both major political parties, major strides were made by the Australian Labour Party with a succession of Minsters for whom “national” approaches to education had a particular attraction. Sometimes the motivation was equity, at other times it was about linking the curriculum to the economic needs of the nation, and for form; it was about efficiency in both the development and delivery of curriculum. These three motives have been present throughout the last four decades. This paper examines the evolution of what was initially conceived of as a “nationally consistent curriculum” then became a focus on “national curriculum” and eventually morphed into the Australian Curriculum. While this process is linked to three particular government Ministers – Susan Ryan, John Dawkins and Julia Gillard – it is a nation’s story about the importance of learning and attempts to transform “the lucky country” into “the clever country”.

Abstract: This book deals with the transformations of both accumulation process and labour in the transition from a Fordist to a cognitive capitalism paradigm, with specific regard to Western economies. It outlines the advent, after industrial capitalism, of a new phase of the capitalist system in which the value of cognitive labour becomes dominant. In this framework, the central stakes of capital valorisation and forms of property are directly based on the control and privatization of the production of collective knowledge. Here, the transformation of knowledge itself, into a commodity or a fictitious capital, is analyzed. Building on this foundation, the authors outline their concept of "commonfare." This idea of commonfare implies, as a prerequisite, the social re-appropriation of the gains arising from the exploitation of those social relations which are the basis of accumulation today. This re-appropriation does not necessarily lead to the transition from private to public ownership but it does make it necessary to distinguish between common goods and the commonwealth. This book explains this distinction and how common goods and the commonwealth require a different framework of analysis. This volume will be of great interest to all scholars and researchers, as well as a more general readership, who wish to develop a critical thinking of the mainstream analysis of this topic. Contributing to the "Marxism-heterodox" approach using rigorous theoretical analysis and empirical evidence, it is aimed at all those who act socially and aspire to a better understanding of the development and the contradictions of contemporary capitalism.

Abstract: This article addresses the role of Protestant military humanism in early Stuart Ireland. The central argument is that Protestant military humanism as embodied in the works of such authors as Geoffrey Gates (fl. 1566–80) and Barnabe Rich (1541–1617) played a vital role in the Jacobean plantation of Ulster. These authors combined a strong commitment to the Protestant religion with the conviction that martial virtue was essential for the preservation of the commonwealth against the threats of domestic rebellion and foreign domination. The example of the soldier-planter Sir Thomas Phillips of Limavady (c. 1560–1636) and his criticisms of the City of London's plantation in Derry during the 1620s demonstrates that military humanist values not only offered a persuasive rationale for colonization, but also significantly shaped the course of plantation on the ground. Phillips's lengthy conflict with the City of London demonstrated a fundamental disjuncture between his own Protestant military humanist outlook, and the City's own understanding of its civilizing mission in Ireland; however, rather than a conflict between aristocratic and civic values, close study reveals instead a struggle grounded in competing hierarchies of civic values.

Abstract: In the midst of intense religious conflict in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century, theological and political concepts converged in remarkable ways. Incited by the slaughter of French Protestants in the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Reformed theologians and lawyers began to marshal arguments for political resistance. These theological arguments were grounded in uniquely religious conceptions of the covenant, community, and popular sovereignty. While other works of historical scholarship have focused on the political and legal sources of this strain of early modern resistance literature, The Immortal Commonwealth examines the frequently overlooked theological sources of these writings. It reveals how Reformed thinkers such as Heinrich Bullinger, John Calvin, Theodore Beza, and Johannes Althusius used traditional theological conceptions of covenant and community for surprisingly radical political ends.

Abstract: The Commonwealth is well placed to play a key role in catalysing both sustainable educational development (SED) and education for sustainable development (ESD) SED generates the conditions under w

Abstract: Founded in London in 1930, the Women’s League of Health and Beauty quickly became one of the largest popular organisations of the 1930s. Boasting bases across the British Commonwealth, the League’s...

Abstract: Beginning in 1911 with the mandating of school cadets for all Australian school students from twelve years to eighteen years, the Commonwealth has exerted its influence on Australian schools and colleges. This is despite the Constitution implying education to be a state prerogative. Section 51 outlines the powers of the federal government, and those not listed, such as school education, remain the residual powers of states and territories. This research attempts to analyse what is so attractive to schools and colleges for Commonwealth governments in their policy making. How might this influence of political forces be understood? Through an organisational framework adhering to the changing nature of federalism, a notion of history acknowledging political imperatives, and the analytical lens of Kingdon’s Agendas, this research argues school education has become an arena of competing political forces, and has been such since the beginning of Federation. The research establishes, however, Kingdon’s Agendas requires some tweaking to take into account the rising influences of risk society theory, moral panic theory and the rising influence of social media. While recognizing federalism is composed of the legal, financial and political, each stage of federalism since Federation has been a party to its own particular kind of policy impacting on school education, broadly conceived. In examining the politics of Commonwealth leverage on school education, this research eschews any notions of progress, or altruism on behalf of governments in respect to school education policy. It argues school education has become a field wherein policies are developed for party political ends. Fully exploiting the Constitution since 1911, finding any possible loophole, agenda-setting in policy through school education has become a major task of federal political parties as they seek and maintain government.

Abstract: Analysis of scientific monographs, articles and Internet resources allows to conclude that there is no single concept of mass media education development in the CIS countries. Media educators in the CIS countries are generally oriented towards media literacy education as interpreted by UNESCO, however, in practice, there is often an imbalance when it comes to the development of competence in the field of information computer technologies, practical activities to create media texts or propaganda and counter-propaganda tasks. Interest in media education at universities in the CIS countries is episodic: courses dedicated to the development of media literacy/ competence among students of non-media profiles are still very rare. Unlike many European Union countries, media education is still not integrated into school education. Vast opportunities of non-formal media education are not used everywhere. That is why the authors of this article have set ourselves the task of synthesizing a generalized model of mass media education based on the analysis of scientific monographs, articles, and Internet resources of the CIS countries, which can be used to develop media literacy / competence of the population. Media competence is in great demand all over the world today, so there is a whole range of tasks that should be solved at the state level and become the basis for the development of media education strategy in the CIS countries. When developing tools for implementing such a strategy, it may be useful to analyze the approaches, mechanisms, and experience of other European countries that are more successful in implementing policies in this area.

Abstract: The study of constitutional conventions is anchored in three assumptions that have so far remained largely unchallenged: that there is a shared “Commonwealth approach” to constitutional conventions; that Commonwealth courts will recognize and employ conventions but never enforce them; and that conventions are always distinguishable from rules of law. After setting out a new taxonomy of modes of judicial engagement with constitutional conventions, we overturn each of these assumptions. We draw on recent case law from Canada, India, and the United Kingdom to show that there is no shared “Commonwealth approach” to the treatment of constitutional conventions. We show that some Commonwealth courts do, in fact, enforce conventions. Finally, we show that at least some constitutional conventions have crystallized into law. These insights disrupt much of what is foundational in the study of constitutional conventions.

Abstract: In May 2018, the Hague Conference on Private International Law (‘HCCH’) produced a draft convention for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. A Diplomatic Session of the HCCH is expected to take place in 2019 at which this draft ‘Judgments Convention’ will be presented. If a multilateral convention emerges from the Diplomatic Session, Australia is likely to be an early adopter: the Commonwealth Attorney-General’s Department conducted a public consultation on the draft Judgments Convention in 2018. Against that background, this article considers the impact of implementation of the Judgments Convention in Australia. It is argued that domestic legislation that emerges from the Judgments Convention will deliver an overdue refurbishment of the Australian law relating to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. Australia’s adoption of the Judgments Convention ought to be welcomed.

Abstract: Water is an important resource for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Too much water increases runoff, disrupt transportation networks, and contributes to school closures. Too little water may adversely impact agricultural operations. To improve climate-related information to Virginia citizens, this study assesses means and changes in precipitation across the Commonwealth of Virginia (1947 – 2016). Using daily stationlevel precipitation data from the Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN), descriptive statistics were calculated for 43 locations in terms of total precipitation (inches decade-1), precipitation days (x>0”), and heavy precipitation days (x>1.0”). On average, locations showed an overall increase in total precipitation across the time period. The frequency of heavy rainfall events has also increased across many of the analyzed locations. Precipitation has important ramifications for agriculture, storm water management, and hazard response, and improved coordination of atmospheric-related information may be beneficial to various stakeholders across the Commonwealth. INTRODUCTION Heavy rainfall can lead to numerous hazards including flooding, landslides, and loss of life. From 1980 – 2013, 19 flood-related, billion-dollar disasters occurred in the United States (Smith and Matthews 2015). Combined, these events averaged a price tag of $4.5 billion. Hurricane Agnes, Fran, and Irene coupled with non-tropical events such as rapid snowmelt and ravine flooding highlight the concern in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Of the 64 federal disaster declarations issued by FEMA for the Commonwealth, 27 highlighted flooding. Others explicitly reference tropical systems or hurricanes (FEMA 2018). While tropical systems often impact the coastal plain, precipitation associated with hurricanes often leads to inland flooding (Rappaport 2000). Mesoscale features recently flooded parts of Cape Charles, and heavy rain associated with Tropical Storm Virginia Journal of Science Volume 70, Issue 1 & 2 Spring & Summer 2019 doi: 10.25778/3cay-z849 Note: This manuscript has been accepted for publication and is online ahead of print. It will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 70, No. 1, 2019 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol70/iss1 2 Michael flooded parts of southwest Virginia. Flooding and heavy precipitation events (HPE) are recognized as a major hazard across the Commonwealth. While state legislature refers to some events as so-called nuisance or sunny day flooding, flooding disrupts transportation networks, leads to cancellation of school, and plays a role in more prolonged impacts such as mold and mildew (Wong et al. 2014; Chew et al. 2006). HPE intertwine land use policy, hazard mitigation awareness, and future climate change. Recent studies have indicated shifts in the frequency and intensity of precipitation events (Lewis et al. 2018; Kunkel 2003; Wuebbles et al. 2014; Heineman 2012). In the southeast, extreme rainfall events are increasing though many stations along the Appalachian Mountains show a downward trend (USGCRP 2018). While both natural and anthropogenic forcing mechanisms are associated, it is likely that increases in atmospheric water vapor content may lead to further increases in such heavy precipitation events (Kunkel 2003). In the United States, Peterson et al. (2013) provides a comprehensive overview of weatherand climate-related extremes. While regional assessments exist (Agel et al. 2015; Sayemuzzaman et al. 2014; Boyles and Rama 2003), the existence of climatological reviews of HPE in Virginia are unknown. The Virginia Climate Office provides some information, but the data portal is based on a climatological period that may not adequately represent the most recent changes in our Virginia climate. This research assesses the climatological trends associated with precipitation across the Commonwealth of Virginia and draws attention to the need to better coordinate weather-related information that may be beneficial in emergency management operations, planning of our cities, or minimizing the consequences of future weather/climate-related impacts. DATA AND METHODS The Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN) is a database of land-based stations around the world. Subjected to detailed quality control (Menne et al. 2012), these data include a wide range of atmospheric variables such as temperature and precipitation at a variety of temporal scales (e.g. hourly; daily). Using the Climate Data Online (CDO) tool, daily precipitation values were obtained through the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI; 1947 – 2016). Shorter, more recent sub-periods were analyzed (1987 – 2016), but due to the heterogeneity in precipitation and limited statistical significance, these results are not shown. For this research, stations located in Virginia were selected, and only stations with at least 90% complete record were included in the analysis. In total, 43 locations met this criterion (Figure 1; Appendix A). Using SPSS 19, descriptive statistics were generated for annual precipitation totals, precipitation days, and precipitation days exceeding 1.0” (heavy precipitation days). While other studies may use a higher threshold (Pommerenk 2016) or a cumulative value (e.g. Smirov et al. 2017), precipitation characteristics were selected based upon previous thresholds defining high precipitation days (Boyles and Raman 2003). Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 70, No. 1, 2019 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol70/iss1 3 In addition to means, simple linear regression was used to calculate observed changes in precipitation and whether such changes were significant (p<0.05). The study also evaluated other thresholds (e.g. 2” days), but due to the rarity of these events and limited statistical significance, the results are not shown. RESULTS a. Means Across the Commonwealth, annual precipitation averaged 43.02” year-1 (Figure 2; Appendix B). Only three locations average more than 50” of precipitation: Wallaceton, Meadows of Dan, and Woolwine. With only 36.2”, Woodstock averaged the lowest mean annual precipitation of any station. Local topography may help explain the variability in precipitation. From 1947 – 2016, an average of 111 precipitation days occurred at each of the locations (Figure 2; Appendix B). Burkes Garden averaged the most precipitation days (140 year-1) while Clarksville the fewest (88 year-1). On average, Virginia locations experienced 10 days year-1 with precipitation exceeding 1.0” (Figure 2; Appendix B). Similar to annual precipitation statistics, Meadows of Dan and Woolwine observed the most 1” precipitation days, with both exceeding an average of 15 such days year-1. Six locations (Blacksburg, Lafayette, Pulaski, Staffordsville, Woodstock, Wytheville) averaged less than 8, one-inch precipitation days year-1. b. Changes and Trends Regression analysis indicates an upward trend in mean annual precipitation for 39 of the 43 locations (Figure 3; Appendix C). As a whole, precipitation increased in Virginia 0.57” decade-1. Of the increases, the greatest change was found in Wallaceton (1.40 inches decade-1). Several other locations observed a significant increase of more than 1.0” decade-1. In total, eight significant changes were found across the Commonwealth, all indicating an upward trend. On average, total precipitation days increased 1.69 days decade-1 across the commonwealth. Burkes Garden showed the largest shifts with nearly 10 more precipitation days per decade. Thirty six of the 43 stations analyzed showed an upward trend in total precipitation days. Seventeen were found to be significant (p<0.05). While similar results were found for heavy precipitation days, the overall frequency of these heavy events reduced the statistical significance (Figure 2; Appendix C). All locations except two indicated a shift towards more frequent heavy precipitation days. Eight of these stations showed a significant trend. On average, heavy precipitation days increased 0.29 days decade-1. With values in excess of 0.60 days decade-1, Buena Vista and Hopewell showed the largest changes. As an illustration, Figure 4 displays the annual observations and associated changes at Norfolk International Airport. Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 70, No. 1, 2019 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vjs/vol70/iss1 4 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Over the 70-year period (1947 – 2016), mean annual precipitation in Virginia seems to have increased. Additionally, both individual precipitation and heavy precipitation days, days exceeding 1.0”, have also increased across much of the Commonwealth. While some precipitations variations may be associated with orographic features, the changes support other findings that show similar increase in precipitation (Smirnov et al. 2017; Pommerenk 2016; USGCRP 2018; Lewis et al. 2018). Karl et al. (2009) showed at 27% increase in heavy precipitation events in the southeast United States. In North Carolina, Boyles and Raman (2003) showed increases in precipitation during the fall and winter seasons but decreases in the summertime. The 4th National Climate Assessment (Figure 19.3) showed similar increases in precipitation across the southeast region. Over the past 25 years, days with 3 inches or more of precipitation has been historically high though decreasing trends did exist along the Appalachian Mountains (USGCRP 2018). While these studies utilize different time periods and geographic domains, the general increases in frequency and intensity in rainfall is consistent with the presented findings for Virginia. Using NOAA climate divisions, Hoffman et al. (2019) recently showed spatial variability in terms of precipitation across the Commonwealth. Future studies may explore the seasonal variability in station-level precipitation changes to uncover how precipitation is changing over the course of

Abstract: Originally, as Robert Frost honestly declares, this book was supposed to be a brief introductory chapter to an Oxford University Press history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 until ...

Abstract: Two global voting trends are noted in the electoral studies literature: the exclusion of resident noncitizens and the inclusion of non-resident citizens in national elections. These two res...

Abstract: Aims A discussion of the implications and opportunities arising from the Commonwealth of Australia health care reform agenda; linking pricing with quality, with particular reference to directions for nursing-focused health services outcomes research directed to improve the safety and quality of health care practices. Background National activity-based funding in Australia is a policy-focused development. As the relationship between cost and quality becomes apparent, the role of clinicians and their contribution to high quality care has become a pressing issue for leadership, teaching, and research. Design Discussion paper DATA SOURCES: This paper is based on seven years' experience as a member of a Commonwealth of Australia statutory committee-the Clinical Advisory Committee of the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority-and is supported by relevant literature and theory. Implications for nursing To date, unravelling the linkage, especially causal relationships, between direct care nursing and patient safety outcomes has not been well established. New activity-based funding data elements developed for national implementation in Australia provide accessible and meaningful standardised data for measurement of never events, hospital-acquired complications, and preventable readmissions.

Abstract: International. (UMI No. 3091129). Stolp, S., & Smith, S. (1995). Transforming school culture: Stories, symbols, values, and the leader’s role. Eugene, OR: Clearinghouse on education management. Stringer, R. A. (2002). Leadership and organizational climate: The cloud chamber effect. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. Sugai, G., & Horner, R. (2001). School climate and discipline: Going to scale. The National Summit on the Shared Implementation of IDEA, Washington, DC. Sugai, G., La Salle, T., Freeman, J., Simonsen, B., & Chafouleas, S. (2016). Technical brief school climate: Academic achievement and social behavior competence. Center for Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports, Center for Behavioral Education and School Climate and Academic Achievement 114 Research, University of Connecticut. Retrieved from:https://www.cga.ct.gov/ed/tfs/20160829_School%20Climate%20Task%20Force/2

Abstract: Brexit is likely to lead to the largest shift in Britain’s economic orientation in living memory. Some have argued that leaving the EU will enable Britain to revive markets in Commonwealth countries with which it has long-standing historical ties. Their opponents argue that such claims are based on forms of imperial nostalgia which ignore the often uncomfortable historical trade relations between Britain and these countries, as well as the UK’s historical role as a global, rather than chiefly imperial, economy. This book explores how efforts to promote a ‘British World’ system, centred on promoting trade between Britain and the Dominions, grew and declined in influence between the 1880s and 1970s. At the beginning of the twentieth century many people from London, to Sydney, Auckland, and Toronto considered themselves to belong to culturally British nations. British politicians and business leaders invested significant resources in promoting trade with Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa out of a perception that these were great markets of the future. However, ideas about promoting trade between ‘British’ peoples were racially exclusive. From the 1920s onwards colonized and decolonizing populations questioned and challenged the bases of British World networks, making use of alternative forms of international collaboration promoted firstly by the League of Nations and then by the United Nations. Schemes for imperial collaboration amongst ethnically ‘British’ peoples were hollowed out by the actions of a variety of political and business leaders across Asia and Africa who reshaped the functions and identity of the Commonwealth.

Abstract: From every State and Territory of Australia, including the islands of the Torres Strait over 200 delegates gathered at the 2017 First Nations National Constitutional Convention in Uluru, which has stood on Anangu Pitjantjatjara country in the Northern Territory since time immemorial, to discuss the issue of constitutional recognition. Delegates agreed that tokenistic recognition would not be enough, and that recognition bearing legal substance must stand, with the possibility to make multiple treaties between Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders and the Commonwealth Government of Australia. In this paper, we look at the roadmap beyond such a potential change. We make the case for a redistributive approach to capital, and propose key outcomes for social reconstruction, should a voice to parliament, a Makarrata[1] Commission and multiple treaties be enabled through a successful referendum. We conclude that an alteration of the Commonwealth Constitution (Cth) is the preliminary overture of a suite of changes: the constitutional change itself is not the end of the road, but simply the beginning of years of legal change, which seeks provide a socio-economic future for Australia’s First Peoples, and the oldest continuing cultures in the world. Constitutional change seeks to transform the discourse about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander relations with the Australian state from one centred on distributive justice to one that is primarily informed by retributive justice. This paper concerns the future generations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, and their right to labour in a market that honours their cultural contributions to humanity at large. [1] Yolŋu ceremony for coming together after a struggle.

Abstract: Our paper examines the education of African children in countries that were colonized by Britain, including Ghana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. We show how education plays an important role in shaping and transforming cultures and societies. Although the colonies received education, schools were segregated according to race and ethnicity, and were designed to produce racially stratified societies, while loyalty and allegiance to Britain were encouraged so that all felt they belonged to the British Empire or the Commonwealth. In writing about the education of African children in British colonies, the intention is not to convey the impression that education in Africa began with the arrival of the colonizers. Africans had their own system and history of education, but this changed with the incursion by missionaries, educators as well as conquest and colonialism.

Abstract: Modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have increasingly been used in education systems and for learning across the world over the last quarter of a century, and are frequ...

Abstract: This year I am delighted to announce the extension of the Journal of Commonwealth Literature’s bibliographic coverage to cultural production from and about Bangladesh and to welcome the co-authors of the country’s entry in our listings – Mafruha Mohua of Queen Mary, University of London, and Mahruba T. Mowtushi of the University of Liberal Arts, Bangladesh. In their inaugural Introduction, Mohua and Mowtushi map out the literary contours of Bangladesh, its historical trajectories of migration and displacement and the attempts at reparation and rehabilitation in the aftermath of the war of 1971, with attention to the positioning of women and linguistic minorities in relation to national narratives. They offer insightful readings of the silences surrounding Partition in Bangladeshi fiction’s symbolic deferrals and subplots and trace the development of Bangladeshi literature from elements of its Perso-Arabic heritage to its contemporary local and diasporic trajectories. The bibliographic listings reflect this scope, including works dating from the beginning of the 20th century that engage with this heritage to works published in the year under review. As Mohammad A. Quayum and Md. Mahmudul Hasan write in their editorial to Asiatic’s 2018 special issue on Bangladeshi writing in English, “this distinct literary tradition has not yet received the critical attention it deserves”, lagging “behind its Indian, Pakistani and Sri Lankan counterparts in the region, which have thus far claimed precedence in literary history books” (1). Mohua and Motushi’s contribution to JCL’s bibliographic record offers important, timely work towards rectifying this imbalance. Another important change this year is the renaming of the Bibliographic issue’s article on creative and critical production in New Zealand to “Aotearoa New Zealand” in order to honour the country’s rich and varied cultural traditions, particularly Māori and Pākehā (New Zealand-European). “Aotearoa” has been the Māori term for New Zealand since the beginning of the 20th century, in an extension of its previous usage to refer to the North of its two main islands (Stachurski, 2009: xii). In reflecting on Aotearoa New Zealand literature, our contributors, Kirstine Moffat and Aimee-Jane Anderson-O’Connor, position themselves as “Pākehā women who aim to comment on relevant issues of gender, sexuality and ethnicity in a way that is respectful and that values multiplicity, but who are alert to our own limitations”. They join in author Tina Makereti’s call (2018) for a radical rethinking of Māori and New Zealand literary history, beyond the mere inclusion of Māori texts and authors in university syllabi to the incorporation of Māori ways of imagining 890449 JCL0010.1177/0021989419890449The Journal of Commonwealth LiteratureEditorial editorial2019

Abstract: This report, commissioned by the Human Dignity Trust on Behalf of the Equality & Justice Alliance, provides a detailed analysis of the purpose of Hate Crimes laws and assesses how these laws, already enacted in parts of the Commonwealth, are being used to tackle the pervasive violence faced by LGBT communities. The report identifies and assesses the different types and models of legislation that are being used and provides recommendations for other Commonwealth legislators.