Abstract: We are most grateful to the teachers and the school who participated in our trials for their enthusiasm and support. Thanks also to Masters students Andrew Cross and Melissa Marsden for their roles in the data collection and analysis. The OER4Schools programme was based in the University of Cambridge Centre for Commonwealth Education (CCE) and was supported by the Commonwealth Education Trust, primarily funding the creation of the resource and the research. We greatly appreciate the administrative support provided by various CCE staff throughout the programme.

Abstract: In the neoliberal era, competing to host global sporting events has become a prominent urban promotion strategy, and with a few exceptions, the scholarly focus has been on the western experience. In contrast, this paper focuses on the south experience with specific reference to the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa and the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. A common argument is that such sporting events provide global marketing opportunities that can attract foreign investment, which may serve as catalysts for development. A key goal is to promote the status and power of the post-colonial nation-state (although ironically ceding sovereignty to entities like FIFA for the duration of events). While there are some benefits, especially in terms of infrastructure development, the Indian, Brazilian and South African experience suggests that the privileged tend to benefit at the expense of the poor, and socio-economic inequalities were exacerbated. These points are illustrated...

Abstract: From the American Revolution through the Civil Rights movement, Americans have long mobilized against political, social, and economic privilege. Hierarchies based on inheritance, wealth, and political preferment were treated as obnoxious and a threat to democracy. Mass movements envisioned a new world supplanting dog-eat-dog capitalism. But over the last half-century that political will and cultural imagination have vanished. Why? THE AGE OF ACQUIESCENCE seeks to solve that mystery. Steve Fraser's account of national transformation brilliantly examines the rise of American capitalism, the visionary attempts to protect the democratic commonwealth, and the great surrender to today's delusional fables of freedom and the politics of fear. Effervescent and razorsharp, THE AGE OF ACQUIESCENCE will be one of the most provocative and talked-about books of the year.

Abstract: In April 2011, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office revealed that it was illegally holding a large archive of documents that had been removed from the former colonies at the point of independence. This included files taken from thirty-seven countries between the late 1940s and the 1970s. This revelation emerged as a consequence of a case mounted in the High Court to seek compensation for Kenyan victims of alleged abuse and torture during the Mau Mau rebellion of the 1950s. This article recounts how these ‘migrated archives’ were first removed from the colonies, and how their existence in Britain then came to light more than forty years later. Destruction and secrecy are the principal themes of this story, which raises wider questions about the censorship, control and ownership of archives.

Abstract: Preface Introduction: Constructions of decolonization Part I: British Decolonization Introduction to Part I 1. The British Empire, 1918-1945: Interwar Change and Wartime Pressures 2. The First Wave of British Decolonization: Commonwealth Territories, South Asia and the Gold Coast, 1945-1951 3. British Decolonization, Insurgency and Strategic Reverse: The Middle East, Africa and Malaya, 1951-1957 4. Winds of Change: The Final Waves of British Decolonization in Africa and Asia after 1957 Part II: French Decolonization Introduction to Part II 5. The Roots of French Decolonization: Ideas, Economics and Reform, 1900-1946 6. Decolonizing the French African Federations after 1945 7. People's War and the Collapse of French Indochina, 1945-1954 8. From French North Africa to Maghreb Independence: Decolonization in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, 1945-1956 9. Algeria's Violent Struggle for Independence 10. Territories Apart: Madagascar, the Togo Trusteeship and French Island Territories Part III: Dutch Decolonization Introduction to Part III 11. An 'Ethical Imperialism'? The Dutch Colonial Empire Before 1945 12. Indonesia: The Politics of Delusion, 1940-1947 13. Indonesia: The Realities of Diplomacy 14. Unfinished Business: New Guinea as a Last Outpost of Empire 15. Decolonization by Default: Dutch Disengagement in Suriname Part IV: Contrasting Patterns of Decolonization 16. Contrasting Patterns of Decolonization: Belgian and Portuguese Africa Conclusion: Changing Attitudes to the End of Empire Glossary Bibliography Index

Abstract: Architects from Socialist Countries in Ghana (1957–67): Modern Architecture and Mondialisation discusses the architectural production of the Ghana National Construction Corporation (GNCC), a state agency responsible for building and infrastructure programs during Ghana’s first decade of independence. Łukasz Stanek reviews the work of GNCC architects within the networks that intersected in 1960s Accra, including competing networks of global cooperation: U.S.-based economic institutions, the British Commonwealth, technical assistance from socialist countries, support programs from the United Nations, and collaboration within the Non-Aligned Movement. His analysis of labor conditions within the GNCC reveals a negotiation between Cold War antagonisms and a shared culture of modern architecture that was instrumental in the reorganization of the everyday within categories of postindependence modernization. Drawing on previously unexplored materials from archives in Ghana, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the article reveals the role of architects from European socialist countries in the urbanization of West Africa and their contribution to modern architecture’s becoming a worldwide phenomenon.

Abstract: The Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 seeks to promote ecologically sustainable development (ESD), in part by espousing the principle that ‘decision-making processes should effectively integrate both long-term and short-term economic, environmental, social and equitable considerations’. Strategic assessments of proposals for major industrial developments constitute a key part of the act's machinery for pursuing this principle. The article considers the extent to which Strategic Assessments are effective in this regard, drawing on a case study, the Commonwealth – Western Australia Strategic Assessment of the proposed Kimberley Liquefied Natural Gas Precinct. It shows that while the early stages of the Strategic Assessment did reflect sustained efforts to adhere to ESD principles, as the Assessment proceeded, party political, bureaucratic and commercial pressures made it increasingly difficult to do so. Of particular importance was the impact of these factors on the ...

Abstract: Overview: Place-based initiatives are programs designed and delivered with the intention of targeting a specific geographical location and particular population group in order to respond to complex social problems. Typically, they focus on areas and communities with entrenched disadvantage or deprivation. This report investigates the key factors and characteristics associated with successful outcomes with such programs, drawing on the international literature and evaluation studies of Australian government and overseas programs. Key messages: Many Commonwealth place-based initiatives reviewed had features that accord with those of international place-based initiatives, including common program elements such as design, delivery, implementation and evaluation. Evaluation of all these common elements is rarely done by either international or Commonwealth place-based initiatives. In particular, evaluations of Commonwealth place-based initiatives lacked sufficient evidence to establish the causal effects of initiatives, their cost-effectiveness and an understanding of how these initiatives work to achieve their goals. This was more pronounced among the evaluation of Commonwealth initiatives than in international evaluations.

Abstract: The article offers a critical contextualized overview of the Journal of Commonwealth Literature in the decade of the 1990s, at a time when it was edited at the Universities of Leeds and Hull. It looks at the journal’s relations to the emerging and rapidly changing field of postcolonial literary studies, when JCL shifted from offering fairly predictable close readings of writers still predominantly described as “Commonwealth”, to more prominently theorized accounts of migrant and national narratives.

Abstract: This chapter casts light on the creative and selective use of governance transfer by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) — a mechanism initially conceived to manage the negative fallout of the collapse of the Soviet Union. While being composed of mostly non-democratic countries, the CIS does prescribe and promote standards for the establishment of governance institutions in its member states. The early engagement of the CIS with governance transfer can be explained by transition regimes seeking to achieve international legitimacy, curb negative externalities, and lock in democratic reforms. Continued commitment in the 2000s, by contrast, constitutes a puzzle. While the democratic performance of CIS member states has stalled or declined over the past decade and the Central Asian countries have moved towards authoritarian forms of governance, the CIS has not dismissed its declaratory engagements with governance transfer. Rather, it has extended its commitments precisely to the field of democracy, through not only standard-setting but also employing monitoring tools.

Abstract: The policy framework claiming to support Indigenous people in remote parts of Australia is in disarray with Commonwealth, state and territory governments proposing closure of remote communities on a range of economic and social policy grounds, but facing significant criticism on economic, environmental, social and cultural grounds. Western Australia's proposal to close 150 remote communities, announced in late-2014, is reviewed and found to reveal a profound failure of geographical literacy.

Abstract: Staging the revolution offers a reappraisal of the weight and volume of theatrical output during the commonwealth and early Restoration, both in terms of live performances and performances on the paper stage. It argues that the often-cited notion that 1642 marked an end to theatrical production in England until the playhouses were reopened in 1660 is a product of post-Restoration re-writing of the English civil wars and the representations of royalists and parliamentarians that emerged in the 1640s and 1650s. These retellings of recent events in dramatic form mean that drama is central to civil-war discourse. Staging the revolution examines the ways in which drama was used to rewrite the civil war and commonwealth period and demonstrates that, far from marking a clear cultural demarcation from the theatrical output of the early seventeenth century, the Restoration is constantly reflecting back on the previous thirty years.

Abstract: This paper offers a personal reflection on 50 years of independence in the Commonwealth Caribbean. It critiques the Westminster model as part of a larger ‘independence pact’ designed to maintain the status quo in the English-speaking Caribbean, and assesses the major challenges facing the region today. It argues for a broader conceptualisation of sovereignty and calls for the invention of a new Caribbean democracy.

Abstract: This paper looks at the introduction of the 1971 Immigration Act in Britain. It argues that foreign-policy pressures encouraged the Heath government to adopt discriminatory Commonwealth immigration policy, breaking from the non-discriminatory immigration policy that had preceded it. The need to appease New Zealand and Australia over the consequences of Britain's impending accession to the European Economic Community encouraged the British government to enact immigration measures that discriminated in favour of the ‘Old Commonwealth’ (Canada, Australia and New Zealand).

Abstract: Taking as its impetus the recommendation of the New Zealand Constitutional Advisory Panel that consideration should be given to a greater judicial role in ensuring that Parliament complies with protected rights, the article contrasts the approach taken bycthe United Kingdom Human Rights Act 1998 to review of primary legislation with that taken by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. Examining the power of the United Kingdom courts to declare legislation incompatible with protected rights — which has been widely praised in the United Kingdom and followed in two Australian jurisdictions — the article argues that it is unfair, unprincipled and not a particularly effective method of protecting rights against parliamentary encroachment. This is for three connected reasons: (1) it fails to afford an effective remedy to litigants who establish a violation of their rights; (2) it will often provide an inadequate incentive to potential litigants to commence proceedings testing legislation; and (3) it is neither well-suited to locating responsibility for legislative infringements of rights with Parliament nor should it be supported as a means of inculcating a “dialogue” between courts and politicians. The article goes on to identify several reasons why the declaration of incompatibility model is particularly unsuitable to the New Zealand context. It concludes that New Zealand should afford judges greater powers than they possess in the United Kingdom and move closer to a supreme law bill of rights, such as exist in most Commonwealth jurisdictions.

Abstract: This article explores why the British security forces on Cyprus failed to nip the EOKA conspiracy in the bud before the start of its armed insurgency in April 1955. Using material in the recently released Foreign and Commonwealth Office ‘migrated archive’, together with information found in Colonial Office files in the National Archives that have hitherto been largely ignored, it shows that their failure was the result of a complex set of circumstances. Not only was the local Special Branch under resourced, but the British looked for trouble in the wrong place. They expected a repeat of the 1931 riots, not the campaign of armed terrorism that EOKA was planning.

Abstract: This article discusses the impact of declining British power and increasing Commonwealth immigration on religion in England after the Second World War. It argues that a diminishing sense of Britain's greatness undermined the belief that England was a Christian nation, a belief common among Britain's elites, especially members of the Conservative party, and one that had long undergirded Christian faith and practice in the country. The language of Christian nationhood became toxic as it became associated with unpopular white settler governments in southern Africa. Moreover, the debates over the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act show how the migration of non-Christian religious groups to England had created a situation in which those who wished to continue to speak of the country as Christian would be accused of racism, a charge with fresh bite at that time. The article argues that international contexts deserve greater attention in the study of religious change.

Abstract: The question we ask in this essay is quite direct: did the Tasmanian Dams case change the conduct of jurisprudence in Australia? To reflect on that question, we stand to the side of the review of the events of 1983 as constitutional decision, and present the jurisprudence of Dams and 1983 in terms of the incidents of legal thinking in the conduct of the office of the jurisprudent. Writing as jurisographers, we reflect historically on the conduct of office of the jurist and jurisprudent, and the writing of jurisprudence. Our account here provides a brief chronicle and record of the patchwork of law projects and engagements that pattern the events of Dams into the scholarly work of jurists in Australian universities.

Abstract: Much of the emphasis on increased corporate governance standards in the Commonwealth Caribbean region has focussed on the role and responsibilities of directors and o cers of the company. This is no doubt due to the fact that there is general consensus that many of the corporate failings worldwide have been due, in some part, to poor management and accountability. This is true of the corporate collapses in the Commonwealth Caribbean, in particular, the fi nancial crisis in Jamaica in the early 1990s1 and fi nancial debacles in Trinidad and Tobago in the early 2000s.2 Where much of the Commonwealth Caribbean has adopted the Canadian style company law model, they have also incorporated a greater degree of director and o cer responsibility and liability. With the increased exposure of directors and o cers in Companies Acts in the region there has also been an introduction of varying degrees of protection, including a due diligence defence, and director and o cer indemnifi cation. The legislation also permits the availability of insurance protection which was previously unavailable. The business judgment rule has also emerged through Canadian case law as a defence for directors’ breach of duty and arguably could therefore form a part of the Commonwealth Caribbean corporate law jurisprudence.

Abstract: Australian courts are faced with competing narrow and wide approaches to the necessity test that is applied when they are asked to imply a new contractual term by law. This complexity stems from the obscure development of the necessity test in England. The recent Australian High Court decision concerning the existence of an implied term of mutual trust and confidence, in Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Barker, appears paradoxically to support both the narrow and wide approaches to the necessity test. This article argues that unless the application of the necessity test is clarified, the courts will likely avoid implying terms by law in employment contracts altogether. This outcome is problematic because gaps in those contracts will remain and need to be filled.

Abstract: This work was supported by Taiwan Cambridge Scholarship from Commonwealth European and International Cambridge Trust and the Ministry of Education in Taiwan

Abstract: As a postgraduate student in the late 1960s, I endeavoured to extend and deepen my knowledge and understanding of the history of the British Empire and Commonwealth beyond the narrow confines of my...

Abstract: This article shows that and explains why the United Kingdom has internalized political conditionality to a larger extent than France. The assessment part is based on the analysis of policy documents, international agreements, and two “hard” cases (Mozambique and Zimbabwe). Variation between the two countries is explained by the existence of clearer lines of accountability for British aid decision-makers, stricter scrutiny by British media, and stronger social pressure from Nordic donors. Evidence does not support the explanatory power of material interests, party politics, level of parliamentary control, and socialization processes within the Commonwealth (versus the International Organization of La Francophonie).

Abstract: Commonwealth of Letters represents a burgeoning interest in mid-20th-century British culture, which, as Kalliney acknowledges, “has proved awkward for literary historians” because it falls “between...

Abstract: This article reviews the state of Commonwealth literary studies in the 1980s and the place of The Journal of Commonwealth Literature in showcasing key critical trends that led to the flourishing of postcolonial literary studies in the 1990s and after.

Abstract: This article analyzes British Labour Party leaders' discourses on Europe since 2007 – that is, after Tony Blair left power Gordon Brown and Ed Miliband are analyzed in relation to one of the traditional attitudes of the party since the 1950s It is argued that two trends in attitudes to European integration among Labour leaders can be identified One is wariness of European integration for fear that Britain could lose its Commonwealth links and its global outlook The other is seeing strong engagement in the European Community as crucial to Britain's political and economic future Blair followed these steps, at least rhetorically, in aiming to strengthen British leadership in the EU Brown and Miliband, though sharing a broad support for the EU, both emphasized the failings of the EU and shared their earlier predecessors' preference for a ‘global’ Britain

Abstract: Preface Prologue: Lucy Martin's Message Introduction 1. The Commonwealth of England 2. The Oath of a King 3. Sacred Kingship and Dutiful Subjection 4. Unprosperous Wars 5. An Accessible Monarch? 6. Importunate Petitioners 7. The King's Religion and the People's Church 8. The King's Declaration and the People's Sports 9. Sacred Kingship Eclipsed 10. The Blindness of Charles I Bibliography Notes Index