Abstract: Introduction: What is Enlightenment? 1. All Coherence Gone 2. Bringing Pity Back In 3. The Fatherless World 4. The Science of Man 5. Discovering Man in Nature 6. The Defence of Civilization 7. The Great Society of Mankind 8. The Vast Commonwealth of Nature Conclusion: Enlightenment and its Enemies Notes Bibliography Index

Abstract: Despite major investments in community-based tourism to diversify economies, reduce poverty and improve life quality in the Caribbean, little is known about what conditions lead to resilience and sustainability. Sustainability from a resilience theory perspective is the likelihood an existing system of resource use will persist indefinitely without a decline in social and natural resource bases. Undertaking activities to enhance resilience and sustainability improves a system's ability to persevere, adapt and learn to meet challenges from unanticipated economic, political or natural events. This study investigated six communities in the Commonwealth of Dominica, all part of a seven-year community tourism program, and examined residents' perceptions of the social, institutional, economic and ecological resilience of their community, and therefore the resilience and sustainability of community tourism development. It used a new scale using eight steps suggested by Devellis' scale development methodology. Da...

Abstract: Table of Contents Introduction Judith Pfeiffer (University of Oxford, UK) From Baghdad to Maragha, Tabriz, and beyond: Tabriz and the multi-cephalous cultural, religious, and intellectual landscape of the 13th to 15th century Nile-to-Oxus region Part I: Intellectuals, bureaucrats and politics Reuven Amitai (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) Hulegu and His Wise Men: Topos or Reality? Devin DeWeese (Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA) 'Ala' al-Dawla Simnani's Religious Encounters at the Mongol Court near Tabriz Domenico Ingenito (UCLA, CA, USA) "Tabrizis in Shiraz are worth less than a dog:" Sa'di and Humam, a lyrical encounter Judith Pfeiffer (University of Oxford, UK) Confessional Ambiguity vs. Confessional Polarization: Politics and the Negotiation of Religious Boundaries in the Ilkhanate Part II: The Transmission of Knowledge Birgitt Hoffmann (Otto-Friedrich-Universitat Bamberg, Germany) In pursuit of memoria and salvation: Rashid al-Din and his Rab'-i Rashidi Nourane Ben Azzouna (University of Vienna, Austria) Rashid al-Din Fadl-Allah al-Hamadhani's Manuscript Production Project in Tabriz Reconsidered Robert Morrison (Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA) What Was the Purpose of Astronomy in Iji's Kitab al-Mawaqif fi 'ilm al-kalam? F. Jamil Ragep (McGill University, Montreal, Canada) New Light on Shams: The Islamic Side of SIGMAalphamupsi PIomicronupsilonchi rhoetasigmaf Part III: Tabriz and Interregional Networks Johannes Preiser-Kapeller (Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria) Civitas Thauris. The significance of Tabriz in the spatial frameworks of Christian merchants and ecclesiastics in the 13th and 14th century Patrick Wing (University of Redlands, USA) "Rich in Goods and Abounding in Wealth:" The Ilkhanid and Post-Ilkhanid Ruling Elite and the Politics of Commercial Life at Tabriz, 1250-1400 Sheila Blair (Boston College, MA, and Virginia Commonwealth University, VA, USA) Tabriz: International Entrepot under the Mongols Joachim Gierlichs (Qatar National Library, Doha, Qatar) Tabrizi Wood Carvings in Timurid Iran Ertugrul Okten (29 Mayis Universitesi, Istanbul, Turkey) Imperial Aqquyunlu Construction of Religious Establishments in the Late Fifteenth Century Tabriz

Abstract: This issue of Commonwealth Trade Hot Topics examines the potential impact of a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) on third countries and in particular on the Commonwealth small states and least developed countries (LDCs).

Abstract: Stephen Gardbaum argues that recent bills of rights in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Australia are an experiment in a new third way of organizing basic institutional arrangements in a democracy. This 'new Commonwealth model of constitutionalism' promises both an alternative to the conventional dichotomy of legislative versus judicial supremacy and innovative techniques for protecting rights. As such, it is an intriguing and important development in constitutional design of relevance to drafters of bills of rights everywhere. In developing the theory and exploring the practice of this new model, the book analyses its novelty and normative appeal as a third general model of constitutionalism before presenting individual and comparative assessments of the operational stability, distinctness and success of its different versions in the various jurisdictions. It closes by proposing a set of general and specific reforms aimed at enhancing these practical outcomes.

Abstract: "Blue-Water Empire" is Robert Holland's magnificent narrative of Britain's military and cultural ties with the Mediterranean Sea, in the style of the epic naval histories of N. A. M. Rodger. Britain has been a major presence in the Mediterranean from the Battle of the Nile to the end of empire, as both a military and a colonising force on the islands and coastlines of the sea. Robert Holland traces the fascinating story of that presence, from its legacies in culture, language and law to the Mediterranean's own influence on Britain. Evoking the conflicts and contrasts between British and local societies caught up in dramatic events, as well as their mutual resilience under pressure, "Blue Water Empire" charts with vigour, flair and clarity the British experience in the Mediterranean in the age of empire. Reviews: "An important corrective to current historical amnesia...the definitive account of Anglo-Mediterranean history for years to come". (Amanda Foreman, "New Statesman"). "A rich and readable account of the British in the Middle Sea...As Holland's learned, lucid and enjoyable work makes clear, many British politicians saw the Mediterranean as the pre-eminent global strategic arena, representing the key to victory in Europe and Asia". (Dominic Sandbrook, "Sunday Times"). "This is an important subject, and it has never before been drawn together into a single coherent narrative..."Blue-Water Empire" puts the land, not the sea, at the heart of the story". ("Literary Review"). "Robert Holland's masterly history of the Mediterranean is a pleasure to read. "Blue-Water Empire" shows how Britain's mastery of the Middle Sea shaped the modern world, whilst reminding us how profoundly the Mediterranean has influenced the British". (Simon Ball (author of "The Bitter Sea: The Struggle for Mastery in the Mediterranean", 1935-1949)). "Lively and absorbing". (Philip Mansel, "Spectator"). About the author: Robert Holland is one of the world's leading historians of the Mediterranean and the author of "Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus", 1954-59, and (with Diana Markides) "The British and the Hellenes: Struggles for Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean", 1850-1960. He holds professorial positions at the Centre for Hellenic Studies in King's College London and the Institute of Commonwealth Studies in the same University.

Abstract: 1. Introduction D'Maris Coffman and Larry Neal 2. Could the crown credibly commit to respecting its charters? England, 1558-1640 Ron Harris 3. Contingent commitment: the development of English marine insurance in the context of New Institutional Economics, 1577-1720 Adrian Leonard 4. Credibility, transparency, accountability and the public credit under the Long Parliament and Commonwealth, 1643-53 D'Maris Coffman 5. Jurisdictional controversy and the credibility of common law Julia Rudolph 6. The importance of not defaulting: the significance of the election of 1710 James Macdonald 7. Financing and refinancing the War of the Spanish Succession, then refinancing the South Sea Company Ann M. Carlos, Erin K. Fletcher, Larry Neal and Kirsten Wandschneider 8. Sovereign debts, political structure, and institutional commitments in Italy, 1350-1700 Luciano Pezzolo 9. Bounded leviathan: fiscal constraints and financial development in the Early Modern Hispanic world Alejandra Irigoin and Regina Grafe 10. Court capitalism, illicit markets, and political legitimacy in eighteenth century France: the example of the salt and tobacco monopolies Michael Kwass 11. Institutions, deficits, and wars: the determinants of British government borrowing costs from the end of the seventeenth century to 1850 Nathan Sussman and Yishay Yafeh Index.

Abstract: This research was funded by the Mental Health Advisory Board of the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing.

Abstract: Patrick Troy, Sydney, Federation Press, 2012, 320 pp., ISBN 978 186287 874 7 (hbk) Arguably, no one could be better placed than Pat Troy to record the history of Commonwealth involvement in Austral...

Abstract: The history of the Kurdish community in Russia concerns several centuries. The Kurds who live in the today’s Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), before USSR, constitue about 2,5% of all Kurdish population, which is the most important part of the Kurdish Diaspora. The number of Kurds has increased in the Russian Federation especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the Kurds began to leave Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Central Asia and began to settle in the Russian Federation. This is a brief study of the Kurds in the former Soviet Union with the study of the demography of the Kurds and their development from historical and cultural perspectives. Special attention is paid to the contemporary situation of the Kurds in the post-Soviet states, in particular on the territory of the Russian Federation. Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14760

Abstract: Preface and Acknowledgements 1. The Holy Family: an introduction 2. 'The Pivot of Empire': Monarchy and the Commonwealth, 1918-1945 3. 'A Common Act of Will': The Making of the New Commonwealth, 1945-1952 4. 'A Personal and Living Bond': Accession, Coronation, and Commonwealth Tour, 1952-1954 5. Winds of Change and the Royal Family 6. 'A poor sort of courtesy to Her Majesty': Republics, Realms and Rebels, 1960-1970 7. 'A Fragile Flower': Britain and the Headship of the Commonwealth 8. 'A Royal Duty': Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings in the 1970s 9. 'De-Dominionisation' in the 1970s 10. 'On Her Own': The Queen and the Commonwealth in the 1980s 11. The Fall and Rise of the Royal Commonwealth Bibliography

Abstract: Part 1 National strategy. Part 2 Western Europe and the United Kingdom's future, 1945-50. Part 3 The United Kingdom and the Schuman Plan, 1950: first reactions to Schuman's proposal the rejection of the Schuman proposal should participation in the Schuman plan have been rejected?. Part 4 The European defence community and the European political community, 1950-54: proposals for a European defence community reaction to the ECD proposals defining a policy towards the federation debate and division within the Conservative party the European defence community treaty the European political authority the collapse of the defence community. Part 5 Association with the European coal and steel community, 1950-55: debating association coming to terms with the Treaty of Paris the treaty of association with the ECSC. Part 6 United Kingdom agriculture and Europe - the green pool. Part 7 The decision not to join the European economic community, 1953-55: the origins of the common market the choice before Britain the United Kingdom and the Spaak committee the decision not to join the European economic community. Part 8 Euratom. Part 9 Responding to the common market - the boundaries of political possibility, 1955-56: the search for a response to the common market the free trade area proposal - plan G the Suez crisis and plan G. Part 10 The failure of the free trade area proposal: the constraints of domestic politics commercial issues - trade in manufactures agriculture and the free trade area proposal the USA, free trade area and the common market. Part 11 The decision to apply for membership of the European communities, 1959-61: the meaning and timing of the decision who made the decision?. Part 12 The disintegration of a national strategy, 1961-63 - Britain and the world: preserving British influence? the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth and the EEC negotiating for the Commonwealth relinquishing the Commonwealth suzerainty, economic development and international trading systems - the unattainable vision the disintegration of a national strategy - Britain and the world paying for the community - British agriculture, food supply and the common agricultural policy. Part 13 Questions of sovereignty: national sovereignty and parliamentary sovereignty sovereignty and the common market - labour mobility sovereignty and the common market - welfare and taxation. Part 14 De Gaulle's veto -its causes and significance.

Abstract: This article identifies pathways through which impacts from the 2014 Commonwealth Games might arise. It also assesses the likelihood of positive impacts and considers how best to evaluate the games...

Abstract: The trickle-down effect of major sport events was mostly examined for the host population at large. This study analyses whether some population groups benefit from hosting a major sport event like the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games more than others. The trickledown framework is tested using a comprehensive sample of people in Australia from 2005 and 2006 (n=12,993). Regression results show that younger people, less educated people, and people of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin are more likely to spend more time participating in sport as a result of Melbourne hosting the Commonwealth Games. Younger people with no formal education and people who are not in a relationship are more likely to take up a new activity. Older people, females, and the locals are more likely to gain a positive attitude. The results inform policy makers and sport event managers who plan for the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast, Australia.

Abstract: Human rights in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity are at last reaching the heart of global debates. Yet 78 states worldwide continue to criminalise same-sex sexual behaviour, and due to the legal legacies of the British Empire, 42 of these – more than half – are in the Commonwealth of Nations. In recent years many states have seen the emergence of new sexual nationalisms, leading to increased enforcement of colonial sodomy laws against men, new criminalisations of sex between women and discrimination against transgender people. "Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in The Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change" challenges these developments as the first book to focus on experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) and all non-heterosexual people in the Commonwealth. The volume offers the most internationally extensive analysis to date of the global struggle for decriminalisation of same-sex sexual behaviour and relationships

Abstract: This book is a study of the operation of conciliation and arbitration, especially by the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, from the inception of the system until World War II. It is not, however, a general history of conciliation and arbitration. It is about ‘wage policy’, if the term is interpreted broadly enough to include both prescribed wages and other factors that affect the cost of labour, including working hours and leave.

Abstract: This essay examines the use of Hebrew sources in debates on church and state in civil war England. It fits within a developing historiography that seeks to uncover the deeper texture of early modern political discourse, and also poses questions about the prevalence of statist and secular understandings of public power in the context of the English civil war. Its specific focus is on debates on church government in the 1640s, studies of the Hebrew commonwealth in the 1650s, and the use of Hebraism by Hobbes and Harrington as an antidote to clericalism.

Abstract: More than 40 countries with over one-third of the world’s population have fair use or fair dealing provisions in their copyright laws. These countries are in all regions of the world and at all levels of development. The broad diffusion of fair use and fair dealing indicates that there is no basis for preventing the more widespread adoption of these doctrines, with the benefits their flexibility brings to authors, publishers, consumers, technology companies, libraries, museums, educational institutions, and governments.Fair dealing was first developed by courts in England in the eighteenth century, and was codified in 1911. Fair dealing became incorporated into the copyright laws of the former British Imperial territories, now referred to as the Commonwealth countries. Over the past century, the fair dealing statutes have evolved in many of the Commonwealth countries, and increasingly resemble the fair use statute in the United States. Thus, although fair dealing is generally considered to be less flexible and open-ended than fair use, this is no longer the case in many Commonwealth countries.This handbook contains all the fair use and fair dealing statutes we were able to identify.

Abstract: The classic poem about Australia was penned by Dorothea McKellar in the early years following Australia’s birth as a nation and in the shadows of the infamous 1895–1902 Federation Drought. A century later, Australia again found itself in the grip of a drought that tested the resolve of Australia’s Federation in several capital cities and across the iconic Murray-Darling Basin. In both the Federation and the recent 1996–2009 “Millennium” drought, severe water shortages have catalyzed reform of Australia’s water sharing arrangements. The chapter explores the evolution of water management in Australia, including the intergovernmental governance arrangements in the Murray-Darling Basin, the 1994 Council of Australian Government water reforms, the 2004 National Water Initiative and the establishment of the Commonwealth Water Act. In conclusion, current progress and challenges for future water reform in Australia are discussed.

Abstract: In the last two decades the use of sport within development and peace work has gained increased profile and credibility. Today sport is recognised at the local and international levels as a tool that, if well planned and effectively delivered, can contribute to beneficial social change. This Guide has been produced by the Commonwealth Secretariat in collaboration with the Commonwealth Advisory Body on Sport (CABOS) to provide support for governments and other key stakeholders seeking to strengthen the contribution of sport to development and peace work. The guide acknowledges both the value and complexity of using sport in development and peace work and recommends key principles to maximise sport’s contribution and minimise possible negative consequences. Section I provides an evidence-based analysis of the contribution of sport to development objectives, and examines six policy domains in which sport can contribute to development: youth, health, education, gender, diversity, and peace-building. Section II provides a framework for analysis, planning and monitoring of sport in development and peace work. The framework is a practical tool that offers detailed guidelines for policy options, strategic approaches and implementation mechanisms. The Guide is supported throughout by appropriate references to policy statements and research evidence. It also includes several examples of current initiatives worldwide that illustrate how sport can be applied in support of development and peace.

Abstract: In recent decades, various forms of co-management of national parks and other protected areas by governments and Indigenous people have come to the fore. This has occurred as Indigenous peoples have progressively demanded greater access to and decision- making power over their traditional lands. The response of governments has also seen the aligning of a number of policy approaches that have contributed to an increase in attention to co-management. In this paper, we are concerned with the regulatory and non-regulatory ‘formal institutions’ defined by Maclean et al. (2012: 21) as ‘the rules, regulations and social norms that are formalised in conventions, strategies, policy and plans’ that frame the entrance to co- management arrangements. The paper first provides an overview of these institutions in Commonwealth, state and territory jurisdictions, and discusses a number of evolving pathways to co-management in Australia, in particular native title. It then makes some jurisdictional comparisons of these institutional arrangements, questioning their relative value and whether their diversity is creating significant inequities among Aboriginal people.

Abstract: 1. The Institutional Setting 2. W. Harrison Moore: Imperialism and Internationalism 3. Frederic Eggleston: The Empire and the Pacific 4. A. C. V. Melbourne: The Limits of Early Australian School Nationalism 5. H. Duncan Hall: Theorizing the Commonwealth 6. W. K. Hancock: The Commonwealth and World Government 7. Fred Alexander: The Duty of Public Education 8. W. Macmahon Ball: A Focus on Asia 9. Walter Crocker: The Afro-Asian Challenge to the International System 10. An Australian School of International Relations

Abstract: Introduction Over the last decade the attitudes of Commonwealth Caribbean people towards homosexuality have been discussed at length in the popular media. This is especially true of media outside of the Caribbean, which has taken a keen interest in what has often been called ‘Caribbean homophobia’. In 2006, Time Magazine published an article by Tim Padgett entitled ‘The Most Homophobic Place on Earth’, in reference to what he described as Jamaica’s ‘rampant violence against gays and lesbians’. Popular gay magazine Advocate (2005) suggested in an article that the Bahamas should be moved to a ‘watchlist’ so that gay and lesbian tourists will know to avoid it as a destination. Peter Dayle, a reporter for The Guardian, wrote in 2010 that ‘examples abound of government-supported homophobia in the Caribbean’. That the Caribbean is a region marked by homophobia is, for the most part, taken for granted. The assertions by the media highlighted above are reflected in the legal codes of many Commonwealth Caribbean countries. According to the International Lesbian, Gay, Trans and Intersex Association’s (ILGA) 2011 report, ‘State Sponsored Homophobia’, 11 of the 12 Commonwealth Caribbean countries have laws that make same-sex intimacy illegal. Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago’s laws prescribes the harshest punishment – life and 25 years in prison respectively – for ‘buggery’ committed between two consenting adults (ILGA 2011).8 Cecile Gutzmore (2004) argues that homophobia in Jamaica is underpinned by five ideological imperatives. Among them, the illegality of homosexuality

Abstract: Comparative research on education in small states has attracted international attention since the mid-1980s when the Commonwealth sponsored a number of seminal meetings and publications, and became a key advocate for the advancement of such work. This article considers the place of different dimensions of scale in comparative research; re-examines the potential of small states as a framework for comparative analysis; and explores the ways in which insights from the small states literature may contribute to new directions for innovative research on education policy transfer in this arena. In doing so, conclusions point to ways of extending the traditional boundaries that have come to demarcate this distinctive arena for research and scholarship in comparative education.