Abstract: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children has been funded as part of the Department of Family and Community Services Stronger Families and Communities Strategy , which aims to establish new partnerships to strengthen families and communities and develop and deliver solutions at a local level. The survey results will be used by the Department of Family and Community Services, a range of other Commonwealth and State and Territory departments, and the research community. A total of $20.2 million has been allocated to the study over nine years, and this investment indicates the importance the Commonwealth Government places on the early years of childhood. The data will add to the understanding of early childhood development, inform social policy debate, and be used to identify opportunities for early intervention and prevention strategies, in policy areas concerning children — specifically parenting, family relationships and functioning, early childhood education and schooling, child care, and health. Longitudinal studies are essential tools for obtaining high quality evidence about the determinants of health and wellbeing. This evidence is vital to address key policy issues satisfactorily. LSAC is designed to examine the impact on the next generation of Australia's unique social and cultural environment. The study will have a broad, multi-disciplinary base, involve a nationally representative sample of children, and examine issues of current and future policy relevance.

Abstract: This article raises the intriguing claim that international law can be overlegalized. Overlegalization occurs where a treaty's substantive rules or its review procedures are too constraining of sovereignty, causing governments to engage in acts of non-compliance or even to denounce the treaty. The concept of legalization and its potential excesses, although unfamiliar to many legal scholars, has begun to be explored by international relations theorists analyzing the effects of legal rules in changing state behavior. This article bridges the gap between international legal scholarship and international relations theory by exploring a recent case study of overlegalization. It seeks to understand why, in the late 1990s, three Commonwealth Caribbean governments denounced human rights treaties and withdrew from the jurisdiction of international tribunals. I refer to these events as the Caribbean backlash against human rights regimes. My study of this backlash has two objectives. The first is to show how overlegalizing human rights can lead even liberal democracies to reconsider their commitment to international institutions that protect those rights. The second objective is to assess three competing international relations theories that seek to explain the conditions under which states comply with their treaty commitments. To provide a more persuasive analysis of these issues, the article includes empirical data analyzing changes in the filing and review of international human rights petitions against Caribbean governments during the 1990s.

Abstract: Unlike many nations Britain had not developed a national citizenship by the 20th century. Instead belonging in Britain was merely a function of allegiance to the Crown. This lack of definition was seen as beneficial. This title explores the implications of such vagueness as a new millennium begins.

Abstract: Jamaican politics presents a number of distinctive features that sets it apart from other Commonwealth Caribbean countries. While elections have been held regularly since independence in 1962 and changes of government have occurred periodically, Jamaican politics has been plagued by gun violence and electoral manipulation. This article focuses on the role of the 'garrison' communities as a special feature of the Jamaican political system that helps to explain the development of violence, electoral fraud, corruption and Jamaica's connection with the international drug trade. It concentrates on one particular facet of these communities, namely the growth of homogenous voting. An examination of homogenous voting between 1962 and 1993 highlights the increasing impact of the 'garrison' process. While the 1997 election represents a break in the trend, we argue that it will take more than one election before it is possible to say that there is a decline in the influence of the 'garrison' process on Jamaica's polity.

Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. The Sovereignty Cases and the Pursuit of an American Nation-State 3. The Citizen-State: From the Warren Court to the Rehnquist Court 4. Commonwealth and the Constitution: The Case of Puerto Rico 5. The Erosion of American Indian Sovereignty 6. Indian Tribal Sovereignty beyond Plenary Power 7. Plenary Power, Immigration Regulation

Abstract: During Australia’s centenary of federation (2001), the author, Local Government Association of Queensland and Courier–Mail newspaper surveyed 1,264 Queenslanders for their attitudes to future constitutional change, including a sample of 259 local government opinion leaders from across the state. The results of this pilot suggest ongoing political, functional and theoretical challenges surrounding the position of local government in Australia. Only 22 percent of local government respondents indicated a preference for the federal system to remain the same in another 100 years, against 70+ percent preferring significant structural change (50 percent seeking regional governments that replace the states). This higher–than–expected interest in change suggests that ongoing national reviews of the position of local government will need to reconsider federalism’s values and structures from first principles, including engagement by Commonwealth and states alike with the principle of ‘subsidiarity’, if they are to deliver any long–term gains.

Abstract: Notes on the Contributors Introduction Law and Ethnic Identity in the Western Kingdoms in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries R.Collins The Emergence of English Identity: 700-1000 A.P.Smyth The Making of England and Germany, 850-1050: Points of Comparison and Difference T.Reuter National Identity in Medieval Wales M.Richter John of Fordun and the Independent Identity of the Scots B.Webster Higden's Britain P.Brown 'National' Requisitioning for 'Public' Use of 'Private' Castles in Pre-Nation State France C.Coulson The Trojan Origins of the French: The Commencement of a Myth's Demise, 1450-1520 E.A.R.Brown The Invention of Rus(sia)(s): Some Remarks on Medieval and Modern Perceptions of Continuity and Discontinuity S.Franklin Civic Pride versus Feelings for Italy in the Age of Dante T.Hankey The Notion of Lombard and Lombardy in the Middle Ages D.Zancani European Nationality, Race, and Commonwealth in the Writings of Sir Francis Palgrave, 1788-1861 R.Smith Index

Abstract: Ten years have passed since the collapse of the USSR and the formation of its quasi-successor—the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Ten years is quite a significant period for today's rapidly changing international relations. Summing up the preliminary results of the decade enables us to outline the most significant directions in the development of the post-Soviet space; to identify the factors that have the greatest probability of being dynamic, even if differently directed; and to assess the path walked by the commonwealth in the last ten years.

Abstract: Email: marketing@brill.com This book is about the Booker Prize – the London-based literary award made annually to “the best novel written in English” by a writer from one of those countries belonging to, or formerly part of, the British Commonwealth. The approach to the Prize is thematically historical and spans the award period to 1999. The novels that have won or shared the Prize in this period are examined within a theoretical framework mapping the literary terrain of the fiction. Individual chapters explore themes that occur within the larger narrative formed by this body of novels collectively invoked cultures, social trends and movements spanning the stages of imperial heyday and decline as perceived over the past three decades. Individually and collectively, the novels mirror, often in terms of more than a single static image, British imperial culture after empire, contesting and reinterpreting perceptions of the historical moment of the British Empire and its legacy in contemporary culture. The body of Booker novels narrates the demise of empire and the emergence of different cultural formations in its aftermath. The novels are grouped for discussion according to the way in which they deal with aspects of the transition from empire to a post-imperial culture from early imperial expansion, through colonization, retrenchment, decolonization and postcolonial pessimism, to the emergence of tribal nationalisms and post-imperial nation-states. The focus throughout is primarily literary and contingently cultural.

Abstract: The 1993 Teaching Accord in Australia (Commonwealth of Australia, Australia Education Union, and Independent Education Union) committed all funding for professional development to programmes promoting partnerships that involve teacher organisations, education authorities and universities. Since then there has been a proliferation of collaborative research and development projects involving universities and schools. The author has been a university participant in a number of these projects, including the Innovative Links Project (Innovative Links between Schools and Universities for Teacher Professional Development, 1994-96), the Australian National Middle Schooling Authentic Assessment Research Circle (1997) and the School-based Research and Reform Project (1998-2000). The first part of this article reports on research the author conducted into the experiences of the seven teacher educators who worked in the Innovative Links Project in South Australia. The research revealed that for these teacher educator...

Abstract: 1. The Dawn of the Century 2. Communications, Disease, and Demography 3. Understanding the Universe 4. The Expansion of Knowledge 5. The Growth of a World Economy 6. The Growth of a Global Culture 7. The Visual Arts 8. European Empires and Emerging Nationalism 9. Europe in the Age of Two World Wars 10. The Russian Empire and the Soviet Union 11. The United States 1900-1945 12. East Asia and the Emergence of Japan 13. The Confrontation of the Superpowers 14. The United States since 1945 15. The Soviet Union and Beyond 16. The Remaking of Europe 17. East Asia 18. China 19. South-East Asia 20. South Asia 21. North Africa and the Middle East 22. Africa 23. Latin America 24. The Old Commonwealth: The First Four Dominions 25. Towards an International Community? The United Nations and International Law 26. The Close of the Century 27. Towards the Twenty-first Century: New Problems, New Opportunities Chronology Further Reading Index

Abstract: Part I Background and Beginnings 1625-1640: King Charles's Inheritance, i - Three Kingdoms, Three Peoples King Charles's Inheritance, ii - The Matter of Religion The New Reign Storm over Scotland The Bishops' Wars. Part II War in Three Kingdoms 1640-1646: Climacteric Three Kingdoms in Crisis The Blast of War The Conflict Widens Towards a Resolution. Part III Towards a Kingless Britain 1646-1649: Between Two Wars Climacteric II - "Not a Mere Mercenary Army" The Second Civil War Quest for a Settlement. Part IV The Commonwealth 1649-1653 The Commonwealth at War The Commonwealth in Crisis "A Story of My Own Weakness and Folly"?. Part V Cromwell's Protectorate 1653-1658: A New Order in Three Nations The First Phase of Cromwellian Rule "A Single Person and a Parliament" Royalists in Arms, Swordsmen in the Saddle King or Constable? The Protectorate in Scotland, Ireland, and Europe Unfinished Business. Part VI The Collapse of the Good Old Cause 1658-1660: The Overthrow of the Protectorate The Commonwealth Restored The Monarchy Restored.

Abstract: 1 THE FRAMEWORK The dismantlement of the Soviet Union also brought about the liberation of six Central Asian Muslim republics--Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan (figure 1). Although Azerbaijan is part of the Caucasus region, it is included in this study because: * The independence of that country, like that of the Central Asian states, was brought about as a result of the dismantlement of the Soviet Union. * Azerbaijan, like its Central Asian counterparts, is a Muslim state, and faces similar politico-economic problems. Azerbaijan's conflict with Armenia involving Nagorno-Karabkh reminds one of a number of conflicts in the Central Asian region. These include a seething ethnic conflict in Kazakhstan (involving the Khazaks and the Slavs), the ongoing civil war in Tajikistan "along ethnic, national, and religious lines (since the Russian forces are "also involved in this civil war), and the ethnic conflict in the Fargana valley that cuts across the borders of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. * Like the economies of its Central Asian neighbors, the Azeri economy was largely dependent on the economy of the former Soviet Union. Consequently, like its other neighbors, Azerbaijan is also busy establishing economic self-sufficiency, along with strengthening its religious political, linguistic, and ethnic identities. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] All these states are ethnically heterogenous, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan having the largest percentage of Russian population; except for Azerbaijan, the Sunni Muslim faith predominates; and the mother tongue of these countries, save Tajikistan, is of Turkic origin. Although these states appear to have more in common with the Middle East than with other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), quite wisely, these states decided to join that organization. Through this action, they appear to have postponed the political instability that their sudden independence was likely to have caused. These states are either primarily or substantially Muslim. They have no tradition or institutional memory of a democratic government. The level of education of their population is among the lowest in the region. As these states deal with this unique period of independence, they will also try to find their proper places in the world community. During this time, they will be influenced by various regional and extraregional actors who have their own agendas vis-a-vis these states. The old version of the "great game" might have entered history; the new version began soon after the breakup of the Soviet Union. It is this "great game--post-Cold War style" that is the topic of this study. The originator of the phrase "great game" was J. W. Kay, who used it in his book, History of the War in Afghanistan, (1) but Rudyard Kipling popularized it in his novel, Kim, to describe the 18th- and 19th-century rivalry between Britain and Russia over the Indian subcontinent. Peter Hopkirk, in The Great Game, establishes that the territory of this struggle--characterized by intrigues and conspiracies--was the land between Russia and India. (2) The Central Asian territory was then ruled by a variety of local khans. Even though they did not have much knowledge of the world beyond their immediate vicinity, they were indeed quite cognizant of Russian motives and of the British conquest of India. To prolong their own rule, they were able to play these two great powers against each other with considerable skill. The new great game may not be aimed at the physical subjugation of Muslim Central Asia, but Russia--the only regional actor with the capability to conquer one or more nations of Muslim Central Asia--may indeed resuscitate its own historical will to reconquer one or more nations of Muslim Central Asia, especially if the democratic experience in that country becomes a miserable failure and if extremists gain control of the Russian government. …

Abstract: Contents: Introduction The Scottish Commonwealth: from George Buchanan to David Hume Britain's lost Renaissance: from citizen to subject David Hume and radical Britain The De Unione and its fate Book One Book Two: Andrew Melville's letter To the reader The necessity of a union founded on mutual love The name: Britannia Emblems and insignia Treaties and ordinances The councils The Parliament Offices Currency Commerce Laws and the courts Immunities and privileges Association Exhortation Marriage Education Colonies Religion The oath A British order of knighthood Triennial visits Society Prayers for Britain Summary of the argument Apologia Bibliography Index.

Abstract: (2002). Classical Common Law Jurisprudence (Part I) Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 155-180.

Abstract: Of all the islands in the Caribbean, Trinidad has experienced the most varied ethnocultural and linguistic history. Its relatively brief period of plantation slavery and extent of racial mixing have generated a wide range of literary responses. Previous examinations of Trinidad's literary roots have largely dismissed works written prior to 1920. The first work in the series is Warner Arundell, the Adventures of a Creole, originally published in 1838. This was the first novel set at least partly in Trinidad and possibly the first Caribbean novel in English. This extremely well written novel provides a "good read" as it chronicles the adventures of Warner Arundell, a white Creole of British descent, born in Grenada and brought up in Antigua and Trinidad. After being defrauded by lawyers, he studies law in Venezuela and medicine in England, then goes to seek his fortune. After many adventures, he is reunited with the coloured branch of his family and his Venezuelan love. The originally published novel has been heavily annotated and the contextualized edition of the original text makes it useful to scholars. The book is of particular interest to students and faculty of Caribbean literature, Commonwealth literature, postcolonial literature, world literatures in English, nineteenth-century literature, Caribbean history and African American studies.

Abstract: 1. Religious Warfare in the Late Middle Ages and Early Reformation 2. A Crucible of Religious Warfare: Bohemia during the Hussite Wars 1400-1437 3. The Christian Commonwealth of Europe 1437-1536 4. The Assembling of Authority: Scripture, Messianic Individuals, and Symbols 5. the Three Turks 6. The Critique of Religious War 7. Conclusion: Perspectives Bibliography Index

Abstract: List of Tables Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction: The Necessity of Redefining the Commonwealth A Short History of Imperial Preference: The Myth of Commonwealth Unity and the Reality of National Interests Defining National Trade Policy and National Interests from Mutual Aid to the End of the War The Beginning of Wartime Consultation, 1943 Problems Making Peace: Anglo-American Competition and Commonwealth Jockeying, January 1944-August 1945 Imperial Preference and the Anglo-American Loan Negotiations, September-December 1945 Waiting for the Geneva Conference to Begin: Commonwealth and International Progress Along the Way, January 1946-April 1947 The Geneva Negotiations, 10 April-30 October 1947 The Havana Conference and the Reception of the GATT Agreements Across the Commonwealth The Future of the Commonwealth and Commonwealth History Appendix I: Cast of Characters Endnotes Bibliography Index

Abstract: (2002). Liberal, Secular Democracy and Explanations of Hindu Nationalism. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics: Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 72-96.

Abstract: When the Australian Constitution was first written, those framing it did not includespecific reference to local government. The authors have examined the federationconventions, papers and formal discussions of the 1890s and noted the little prominencegiven to the case for including local government in the Australian Constitution. It appearsthat the leaders of the federation movement did not deliberately exclude local government;rather, there was little pressure to include local agendas and concerns, and few werewilling to champion the case for the inclusion of local government.Chris Aulich Rebecca PietschUniversity of Canberra University of CanberraPrior to federation, each of the Australiancolonies had enacted legislation to provideboth legitimacy for local government and aframework for its operations. When theAustralian Constitution was written, thoseframing it did not include specific reference tolocal government and, by default, defined localgovernment essentially as a state statutoryauthority, although some states did providefirmer guarantees for the continuation of localgovernment through formal inclusion withintheir own constitutions. In effect, localgovernment was ‘left on the shelf’ by beingdenied a place in the new national polity.It has been clear that local government hasbeen ‘kept in check’ by these state and territoriallocal government Acts, which have, even aftertheir reform in the 1990s, placed limitations onthe scope of local government activities andservices (Aulich 1999:1). It is hardly surprising,then, to find that local government in Australiahas a limited range of local governmentfunctions compared with most OECD countries.According to a 1991 survey of local govern-ment systems in 20 Western countries, theexclusion of local government from thenational constitution places Australia in a smallgroup of countries, an ‘Anglo variant’ of localgovernment systems, which show a relative lackof enthusiasm for local democracy and wherethe health of the local authorities is in a moreprecarious state than in other Western polities(Marshall 1998:644). It is this situation thatprompted efforts in the 1980s to seek constitu-tional recognition for local government.This paper is the first of two that examinethe relationship between Commonwealth andlocal government in the Australian federation.

Abstract: In 1987 St. Vincent's Prime Minister James Mitchell called on his fellow Prime Ministers in the Eastern Caribbean to merge their separate countries into a single state. He argued that individually they had exhausted the possibilities of separate independence and they could only pursue regional and international development and indeed economic survival by pooling their scarce resources to combat common problems. By the end of the year all the Leeward Islands rejected the initiative although it remained very much alive among the governments of the Windward chain, Grenada, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica. During the next eight years, efforts of the Windward Islands to merge were debated but the initiative for unification ultimately died. Through extensive interviews and analyses of primary documents, Lewis paints a compelling picture of island and regional jealousies and conflicting economic priorities, which prevented the Windward and Leeward Islands from cooperating and which ultimately destroyed the movement for political unification in the Windwards. Ultimately, the unification movement failed because the process was dominated by elites and was not democratic. Lewis's thorough analysis provides guidance for future efforts at regional unification. The most important non-economic grounds for regional unity lay in the cultural sphere: the critical need to express and conceptualize a West Indian identity based on a shared historical cultural experience arising from slavery. By emphasizing a shared West Indian identity, a democratic process, and a need to act as a sovereign entity to combat globalization and economic weakness, political union in the region may become a possibility. The book is of interest to a wide group of scholars, policymakers, Caribbean historians and all those interested in development strategies and regional integration.

Abstract: National data on the provision of services to Australians with a disability under the Commonwealth/State Disability Agreement (CSDA) have been gathered since 1995 using the Minimum Data Set (MDS). ...

Abstract: (2002). Constitutional Centring: Nation Formation and Consociational Federalism in India and Pakistan. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics: Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 8-33.

Abstract: Perceptions about expected roles of citizens, state and other actors in the development of a ‘good society’ indicate a significant change in the emerging meanings of citizenship in poor countries of the contemporary developing world (Commonwealth Foundation 1999). Particularly noteworthy is the shift from a concept of citizenship as a “national identity, which entitles one to a bundle of rights”, prevalent in the established democracies of the West, to new forms of citizenship emphasizing the exercise of agency and the re-casting of rights by citizens themselves (Cornwall 2000). These perceptions are fuelled in large part by the ‘rights based approach’ to development, where exclusion itself is seen as a denial of rights. This approach calls for citizen participation and engagement in the identification and articulation of rights rather than for citizens to be merely the bearers of rights.

Abstract: This article presents a model of the structures and processes of the modern world-system and proposes a project to transform the system into a democratic and collectively rational global commonwealth. Popular transnational social movements are challenging the ideological hegemony of corporate capitalism. The global women's movement, the labor movement, environmentalist movements, and indigenous movements are attempting to form strong alliances that can challenge the domination of an emerging transnational capitalist class. This article argues that new democratic socialist states in the semiperiphery will be crucial allies and sources of support for the antisystemic movements.

Abstract: The Commonwealth's impetus towards encouraging member countries to integrate gender concerns into economic policy dates back to the 1980s and the report of the Commonwealth Expert Group on Women and Structural Adjustment, Engendering Adjustment for the 1990s and the Ottawa Declaration on Women and Structural Adjustment, endorsed by Heads of Government in 1991. The Expert Group report called for the incorporation of gender concerns in the areas of public expenditure, taxation, credit policies, exchange rate policies, pricing policies, wage policies, trade liberalisation and privatisation. Gender equality has long been an objective asserted and affirmed by Commonwealth member countries and the Commonwealth Secretariat in various national, regional and international fora.

Abstract: Part One: Introduction 1. Rethinking Federalism in a Changing World / Richard Simeon and Katherine Swinton Part Two: Citizenship, Identity and Federal Societies 2. Constitutional Government and the Two Faces of Ethnicity: Federalism Is Not Enough / Alan C. Cairns 3. Identification in Transnational Political Communities / Raymond Breton 4. The New Pluralism: Regionalism, Ethnicity, and Language in Western Europe / Guy Kirsch 5. The Federal Experience in Yugoslavia / Mihailo Markovic 6. Questions of Citizenship after the Breakup of the USSR / Vsevolod Ivanovich Vasiliev 7. Citizenship Claims: Routes to Representation in a Federal System / Jane Jenson 8. The Aboriginal Peoples in Canada and Renewal of the Federation / Paul L.A.H. Chartrand Part Three: The Economics of Federalism 9. Is Federalism the Future? An Economic Perspective / Kenneth Norrie 10. Economic Federalism and the European Union / Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa 11. Governing European Union: From Pre-Federal to Federal Economic Integration / Jacques Pelkmans 12. Central Asia: From Administrative Command Integration to Commonwealth of Independent States / Bakhtior Islamov 13. American Federalism: An Economic Perspective / Alice Rivlin Part Four: The Law and Politics of Federalism 14. New Wine in Old Bottles? Federalism and Nation States in the Twenty-First Century: A Conceptual Overview / Thomas O. Hueglin 15. Federalism and the Nation State: What Can Be Learned from the American Experience? / Samuel H. Beer 16. Canada and the United States: Lessons from the North American Experience / Richard Simeon 17. Federalism, Democracy, and Regulatory Reform: A Sceptical View of the Case of Decentralization / Robert Howse 18. Federalism, the Charter, and the Courts: Rethinking Constitutional Dialogue in Canada / Katherine Swinton 19. Central and Eastern European Federations: Communist Theory and Practice / Victor Knapp 20. Disintegration of the Soviet 'Federation' and the 'Federalization' of Ukraine / Volodymyr Vassylenko Part Five: Conclusion 21. Multinationalism and the Federal Idea: A Synopsis / John Meisel