Abstract: John Hirst, one of Australia's pre-eminent historians, provides a compelling history of the long, sometimes difficult, and ultimately 'sentimental' process of Australian Federation. His account appears on the eve of the Centenary of Federation.

Abstract: There is growing international recognition that high economic exposure, remoteness, isolation and proneness to natural disasters all have a debilitating effect on small economies, despite the fact that some of them exhibit relatively high per capita incomes. This paper presents a Commonwealth vulnerability index that is designed to quantify vulnerability, and hence provide a means to identify vulnerable states. This index can be used as an operational tool in determining whether small states should be accorded differential treatment by the international community. It is intended as an additional criterion to augment other factors, such as per capita income, which are taken into account in reaching decisions on the treatment of certain developing countries by international organisations.

Abstract: Preface Directions: 1. Remapping early modern England: from revisionism to the culture of politics 2. A commonwealth of meanings: languages, analogues, ideas and politics Texts and Power: 3. The king's writ: royal authors and royal authority in early modern England 4. Private conscience and public duty in the writings of James VI and I 5. Private conscience and public duty in the writings of Charles I Visions and Politics: 6. Stuart monarchy and political culture 7. 'An image doting rabble': the failure of republicanism culture in seventeenth-century England Rewritings: 8. Rewriting the history of Parliament in seventeenth-century England 9. Rewriting Sir Robert Cotton: politics and history in early Stuart England Re-Viewings: 10. Religion, rhetoric and revolution in seventeenth-century England 11. Celebrating a cultural turn: political culture and cultural politics in early modern England 12. Representations and negotiations: images, texts and authority in early modern England.

Abstract: Introduction to the Eighth Edition Ministries Parties Parliament Elections Political Allusions Civil Service Royal Commissions, Committees of Inquiry and Tribunals Justice and Law Enforcement Social Conditions Employment and Trade Unions The Economy Public Sector Royalty British Isles Local Government The Commonwealth International Relations Britain and Europe Armed Forces The Press Broadcasting Authorities Religion Biographical Note Index

Abstract: On December 8, 1991, even before the Soviet Union was officially dissolved, the leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine met in the Belovezh Forest outside Minsk to lay the groundwork for the post-Soviet era. There they signed what became known as the Belovezh Accords, creating the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Two weeks later, eight other Soviet republics joined the three founding members. In the void left by the collapse of the USSR, the CIS was to become a superstructure that would coordinate the foreign and security policies of the member states, develop a common economic space, and provide for an orderly transition from the Soviet Union to the post-Soviet phase. In reality, the CIS has failed. For Russia, the CIS has not served as a vehicle for exerting control over its neighbors. As an organization, the CIS has not succeeded at reintegrating the post-Soviet states. The desire of the new nations to assert themselves as independent entities has proven more powerful than their urge to replace the Soviet Union with a new system of collective government. Written by three of the West's leading experts on the former Soviet Union, this book offers a comprehensive assessment of how and why the CIS has failed.

Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. The right to property at common law 3. The development of written rights to property 4. Constitutional interpretation 5. The meaning of property 6. Acquisition and deprivation 7. Public purpose 8. Compensation Bibliography.

Abstract: Since 1996, University Departments of Rural Health (UDRH) have been established at Broken Hill, Mount Isa, Shepparton, Launceston, Whyalla, Alice Springs and Geraldton. Each UDRH is underpinned by Commonwealth funding for an initial period of 5 years. The role of the UDRHs is to contribute to an increase in the rural and remote health workforce through education and training programs, as well as a reduction in the health differentials between rural and urban people and between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples. A strong population health focus involving partnerships between existing health providers in a targeted region and the university sector underpins their operation. While UDRHs have been established as a means of addressing a national workforce problem, their organisational arrangements with universities and local service providers vary widely, as does the program mix of activities in education, research service development, facilitation and advocacy. This article outlines some of the activities and progress of the UDRHs to date.

Abstract: Support for this research was provided by The Commonwealth Fund Task Force on the Future of Health Insurance. The views presented here are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Fund or its directors, officers, or staff, or individual Task Force members. Analysis of the Current Population Survey was undertaken by staff of the Columbia University Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health under the direction of Sherry Glied. The authors thank Karen Toll of Abt Associates and Elisabeth Simantov of The Commonwealth Fund for their assistance and especially Jason Rachlin of Columbia University for his excellent programming work.

Abstract: The shift from a traditional polytheistic dispensation for empire to a Christian-oriented ‘commonwealth’ is unarguably one of the most significant historical processes that took place in the Roman world. Its ramifications were manifold, and not least in the arena of how empire and its territory would come to be conceived within Late Roman and Byzantine culture. In this paper I want to explore the ways one text, written in the lifetime of Constantine, takes a series of traditional forms within the established genres of Graeco-Roman travel-writing and transforms them into a new Christian paradigm not only of travel (in the form of Christian pilgrimage) but also of empire as a territorial concept defined by particular privileged places and their privileged mythologies. The surprise lies, in part, in how swiftly a Christian author was willing implicitly to re-arrange and redefine deeply entrenched institutional norms, while none the less writing on an entirely traditional model. The text I shall be exploring, the Itinerarium Burdigalense (henceforth IB), is an account of a journey to the Holy Land made by an anonymous pilgrim from Bordeaux in A.D. 333.

Abstract: Introduction England's Free Air The Aliens Act 1905, Jews and Gypsies Internationalisation of Arrangements for European Refugees Refugees from the British Commonwealth Turning against non-European Refugees Tamil Migration and the Law of Asylum Ruling the Refugees Conclusions

Abstract: Introduction: "Truly, It Felt Like Year One" from "The Golden Notebook" motherhood working-class women's experience continuities and change the feminist confessional science fiction and detective fiction the Commonwealth to "The Color Purple".

Abstract: Healthcare in Australia is a mixture of private enterprise and publicly supported programs. The total expenditures in 1997–1998 were $47.3 billion dollars, representing 8.4% of gross domestic product (GDP). Approximately 68% of the $47.3 billion overall health costs comes from commonwealth, state, and local governments. The remaining 32% is made up of direct charges to patients, health insurance premiums, and other nontax sources.2 In Australia, there are two complementary systems of health insurance. The biggest and most well known is Medicare, a publicly funded compulsory scheme, run by the commonwealth government, which covers basic medical and hospital care for all Australian residents. The second is the private health insurance system, which also covers basic medical and hospital care, as well as additional insurance for dental care and superior accommodation facilities in public and private hospitals. The government has recently encouraged people to enroll in private health insurance plans, and introduced a Medicare surcharge for highincome earners without private health insurance, a 30% rebate on insurance premiums, and lifetime health coverage for early and longterm health fund membership, especially for young people. Medicare contains two components: hospitals and other medical services. Medicare is administered by the Commonwealth government and is funded by a levy linked to general taxation. The Commonwealth allocates funds to the states and territories as part of an agreement, which is renegotiated every 5 years, from which they provide public hospital and related services. The Health Insurance Commission makes payments directly to medical practitioners and patients for medical services provided in the community. This mixture of funding sources and administrative structures reflects the general attitudes of Australia, as a federation and its commitment to public support for social welfare.

Abstract: Introduction 1. Society and economic life 2. Government and law 3. The early Stuarts 4. The Civil Wars 5. Commonwealth and Protectorate 6. Restoration monarchy 7. Intellectual and religious life Further reading Chronology Index

Abstract: (2000) Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63 The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol 28, No 2, pp 85-109

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to examine the nature and potential impact of s 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998. The article draws upon the experience of courts in other Commonwealth jurisdictions which operate a similar provisions. The author analyses the nature of the interpretative technique, reading down, that s 3 requires and illustrates its potential by reference to a number of situations involving statutory imperfections such as ambiguity and overbreadth. The author also outlines the impact that s 3 may have on the exercise of statutory discretion. The author further argues that reading down should not be confused with more intrusive remedies, such as reading in, which are not available under the Human Rights Act.

Abstract: This paper identifies and seeks to resolve the paradox that British social policy appears to have diverged from its EU partners in the period since membership and to have converged with that of the USA. Existing historical institutionalist approaches stress common regime characteristics of Britain and the USA in explanation of British difference from other member states. The present paper challenges such accounts and argues that the explanation lies in the transformation (and demise) of the post-Imperial/Commonwealth system of political economy in which the British economy (and related social policy) was embedded. This transformation has also produced internal problems within the British state giving rise to its reorganization with devolved Assemblies in Scotland and Wales. The final part of the paper addresses how this latter development has created a 'fault-line' in the British social policy debate with the possibility of reversing the trend toward Americanization.

Abstract: The article, based on official data and the results of research, examines changes in migration patterns in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), following the disintegration of the former USSR in the early 1990s. It also considers the factors bringing about these changes. The article covers migrations between the CIS countries, as well as between them and the rest of the world. Attention is given, inter alia, to repatriation of ethnic Russians and of other ethnic groups, forced migration of refugees and displaced persons, labour migrant flows, irregular migrations, and the repatriation of former deportees.

Abstract: (2000). Businessmen and the development of Ulster unionism, 1886–1921. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 35-64.

Abstract: In late April and early May 1999, nail bombs went o€ in Brixton, Brick Lane and Soho, homes respectively to London's black, Asian and gay communities. Three people died in the last attack, and dozens were injured in all three. Organisations on Britain's politically insignificant far right claimed responsibility for the bombs, but the perpetrator turned out to be a lone young man, consumed by an all-encompassing hatred. The sheer horror of the attacks forced intellectuals, journalists and policy-makers to think about a subject to which they generally accord little attention: British citizenship. Speaking before Sikh leaders, Tony Blair passionately defended a pluralist, tolerant vision of his country's citizenship: `The true outcasts today, the true minorities, those truly excluded are not the di€erent races and religions of Britain, but the racists, the bombers, the violent criminals who hate that vision of Britain and wish to destroy it. In [defending this vision], we are doing more than bringing killers to justice. We are defending what it means to be British.' Those paid to consider such questions do not share the Prime Minister's view. Scholarship on British citizenship, almost without exception, is robustly negative. To quote an oft-cited article tracing the origins of immigration control in the Commonwealth, `integral to the [controls on black migration] was the development of a racialized construction of Britishness which excluded and included people on the grounds of ``race'' de®ned by colour.' Overseas observers of Britain have echoed the charge. Kathleen Paul, in a recent book on race, immigration and British citizenship, citing Enoch Powell's claim that a West Indian could not become English through birth in England, concludes that the quotation `re ected the perceived communities of Britishness which had guided policy makers' understanding of British nationality since at least 1948'. This article considers this now standard scholarly indictment of British citizenship through a consideration of its evolution since 1945. Focusing, though not exclusively, on citizenship as a legal concept, I suggest that the condemnation that is common currency in the migration and citizenship literature is untenable. Any national citizenship should be judged against two standards: the way in which it is granted automatically, and the means by which it is acquired. Against both standards, British citizenship stands out as among the most generously granted and easily acquired in Europe; indeed, it compares favourably with even the United States. The contradiction between the facts of British citizenship and their interpretation is dicult to account for, but the article closes by suggesting some explanations.

Abstract: This article provides an overview of criminal justice policies adopted in Commonwealth Africa during the last 40 years. It shows that, far from attempting to devise policies appropriate to the needs of a developing contemporary African state, governments have pursued the same policies as their colonial predecessors, based on retribution and general deterrence. The criminal law has been used to secure social and economic objectives and concern about crime levels has led to an erosion of a defendant's rights and the introduction of increasingly harsh punishments. Prospects for the future are gloomy, particularly in states where definitions of criminality are contested.

Abstract: A report prepared for the 1999 Commonwealth Finance Ministers Meeting, discussing the reform of international financial architecture. It argues that contemporary crises are very different from traditional balance of payments problems, and that developing countries are especially vulnerable. Six areas of discussion have been identified, some well known, others involving new initiatives. The report also identifies issues in the area of crisis resolution. It looks at the role of the Fund; incentives for the private sector; measures to deal with imprudent creditors and the design of adjustment programmes. It concludes by proposing a new governance structure.

Abstract: As part of the Australian university sector, criminologists have been encouraged to find commercial clients for their skills and products. This paper examines the implications for the future development of criminology in Australia of changing patterns of Commonwealth, State and non-government organisation funding. It explores what might happen to criminology if the entrepreneurial periphery gains a tighter purchase on the academic core.

Abstract: (2000). Britain, the united states, and the demise of the central African federation, 1959–63. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 28, International Diplomacy and Colonial Retreat, pp. 131-151.

Abstract: Following Robert Cox, the essential function of multilateralism is seen as the institutionalisation and promotion of an ongoing hegemonic project. Yet, taken alone this understanding is unsatisfactory in explaining wholly the behaviour of international organisations and in particular the Commonwealth’s relationship with South Africa. By making use of Frederick Gareau’s notion of de-legitimisation as well as legitimisation, a fuller understanding of multilateralism and the Commonwealth as a particular organisation is crafted.