Showing papers on "Commonwealth published in 1994"
Book•
1 Jun 1994
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss six frontiers of British identity: the Celtic fringe class and gender dimensions, the dominions empire and Commonwealth the Atlantic and anglophone connection Britain in Europe the construction of "the alien", the practice of anthropemy: early nationalism and protestantism from revolutionaries to the "Alien Menace" wartime expulsions and the aftermath deportations after the Second World War deportations arising from empire the conservative party and voluntary repatriation.
Abstract: Part 1 Six frontiers of a British identity: the Celtic fringe class and gender dimensions the dominions empire and Commonwealth the Atlantic and anglophone connection Britain in Europe the construction of "the alien". Part 2 Expulsions and deportations - the practice of anthropemy: early nationalism and protestantism from revolutionaries to the "Alien Menace" wartime expulsions and the aftermath deportations after the Second World War deportations arising from empire the conservative party and deportations voluntary repatriation. Part 3 Asylum - the shrinking circle of generosity: granting asylum - general reasons refugee history refugees after 1945 quota refugees - the Chileans and Vietnamese repatriates and "Loyalists" from refugee to "economic migrant" visas, the carriers liability act and 58 Tamils agents and agencies Mr Major, "Safe Havens" and the 1993 asylum act. Part 4 The detention of aliens and asylum-seekers: wartime detentions detention under the prevention of terrorism act immigration detentions comparative legal regimes immigration act detainees - on-entry immigration act detainees - after-entry detention conditions and privatisation the detainees immigration control and social control. Part 5 Sanctuary and the anti-deportation movement: on sanctuary the revival of sanctuary in Britain "People Like Me Don't Win" - the case of Viraj Mendis other sanctuaries and the anti-deportation movement. Part 6 Inclusion and exclusion - Britain in the European context: "more hands, more hands" the end of the migrant labour boom migration flows since the mid-1970s Germany - refugees and foreign workers Germany - attitudes and recent policies France - refugee history France - attitudes and recent policies towards fortress Europe Schengen and Dublin the emerging European trichotomy. Part 7 Theoretical implications and conclusion: what do we mean by racism? otherness and difference boundary formation nationalism the construction of social identities the stranger - a personal note observations - institutions and individuals symptoms, recommendations...and a bit of evangelism.
382 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the imperialism of decolonization is discussed and discussed in the context of the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 462-511.
Abstract: (1994). The imperialism of decolonization. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 462-511.
282 citations
TL;DR: Fowden as discussed by the authors traces the transition from empire to commonwealth, and exposes the sources of major cultural contours that still play a determining role in Europe and southwest Asia, showing that the tensions between orthodoxy and heresy that were inherent in monotheism broke the unitary empires of Byzantium and Baghdad into the more pluralistic commonwealths of Eastern Christendom and Islam.
Abstract: In this bold approach to late antiquity, Garth Fowden shows how, from the second-century peak of Rome's prosperity to the ninth-century onset of the Islamic Empire's decline, powerful beliefs in One God were used to justify and strengthen \"world empires.\" But tensions between orthodoxy and heresy that were inherent in monotheism broke the unitary empires of Byzantium and Baghdad into the looser, more pluralistic commonwealths of Eastern Christendom and Islam. With rare breadth of vision, Fowden traces this transition from empire to commonwealth, and in the process exposes the sources of major cultural contours that still play a determining role in Europe and southwest Asia.
222 citations
Book•
1 Jan 1994
TL;DR: Wootton as discussed by the authors discusses the republican tradition from commonwealth to common sense and the role of the commonwealth in the development of English republicanism, including the Commonwealth of Oceana, 1651-1660 Blair Worden, 1660-1683.
Abstract: Acknowledgements Contributors Introduction: the republican tradition: from commonwealth to common sense David Wooton Part I. 1. Marchamont Nedham and the beginnings of English republicanism, 1649-1656 Blair Worden 2. James Harrington and The Commonwealth of Oceana, 1656 Blair Worden 3. Harrington's Oceana: origins and aftermath, 1651-1660 Blair Worden 4. Republicansim and the restoration, 1660-1683 Blair Worden Part II. 5. Liberty, virtue, and the rule of law, 1689-1770 M. M. Goldsmith 6. Antiquity surpassed: the repudiation of classical republicanism Paul A. Rahe 7. Genevan republicanism Linda Kirk 8. The Dutch republic and the idea of freedom Herbert H. Rowen 9. Ulysses bound? Venice and the idea of liberty from Howell to Hume David Wootton 10. From troglodytes to Americans: Montesquieu and the Scottish enlightenment on liberty, virtue, and commerce Richard B. Sher Abbreviations Notes Index.
216 citations
Book•
1 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The Olympic Movement. International Relations Theory and Sport. International Sport Organizations and International Politics as mentioned in this paper, and International Governmental Organizations (IGO), sport, culture, and globalization.
Abstract: Politics and Sport. International Relations Theory and Sport. International Sport Organizations and International Politics. Sport and International Governmental Organizations. The Olympic Movement. The Commonwealth and Sport. Business and Sport. Sport, Culture and Globalization. Sport and International Politics.
179 citations
TL;DR: A broad movement of 250 million Aboriginal people has involved court cases, parliamentary politics, constitutional amendments, the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, the development of an international law of Aboriginal peoples, and countless nonviolent and violent actions in defense of Aboriginal systems of property and cultures as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: During the last forty years, the Aboriginal peoples of the Americas, of the British Commonwealth, and of other countries colonized by Europeans over the last five hundred years have demanded that their forms of property and government be recognized in international law and in the constitutional law of their countries. This broad movement of 250 million Aboriginal people has involved court cases, parliamentary politics, constitutional amendments, the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, the development of an international law of Aboriginal peoples, and countless nonviolent and violent actions in defense of Aboriginal systems of property and cultures. The Aboriginal peoples of New Zealand, Canada, and the United States have been at the forefront of the movement, and it is in these countries that the greatest legal recognition has been achieved.
118 citations
1 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The United States Constitution, as signed by the Convention on 17 September 1787, and transmitted by Congress to the States, contained many of the republican elements already embraced by earlier American frames of government.
Abstract: The United States Constitution, as signed by the Convention on 17 September 1787, and transmitted by Congress to the States, contained many of the republican elements already embraced by earlier American frames of government. It also included some of the modifications suggested by John Adams and other modern commentators to remedy the weaknesses that led the English Commonwealth and Roman republic eventually to fail. The document as a whole is more self-consciously republican1 than any of its predecessors, not only in establishing a senate2 but also in claiming to secure the ‘Blessings of Liberty’3 and to ‘guarantee to every state in this union a Republican form of government’.4 The President and Senate both had to concur in legislation, as Adams would have wished, but the Senate had long, six-year terms, to preserve the dignity and stability of its Roman model.5
100 citations
1 Jan 1994
TL;DR: A description of New Athens in Terra Australis Incognita can be found in this article, along with an account of the first settlement, laws, form of government, and police of Cessares, a people of South America.
Abstract: Introduction 1. The island of content 2. A Description of New Athens in Terra Australis Incognita 3. Idea of a perfect commonwealth 4. An account of the first settlement, 5. Laws, form of government, and police, of the Cessares, a people of South America 6. Memoirs of planetes 7. The commonwealth of reason 8. Bruce's voyage to Naples.
85 citations
TL;DR: A broader meaning to the concept of decentralisation, using it to cover both political devolution and the deconcentration of administrative authority, has been proposed by as discussed by the authors, where the two processes are complementary rather than separate.
Abstract: Until the late 1980s, decentralisation experiments in sub-Saharan Africa tended in the majority of states to reinforce central control rather than enhance local autonomy. However, recent moves towards political pluralism have brought a switch in emphasis to more meaningful types of local participation. These have taken the form of political decentralisation, understood in the sense used by Philip Mawhood to denote the devolution of powers to representative local councils, each with its separate legal existence and its own budget, and with the authority to allocate resources and to carry out multiple functions. However, a number of African regimes also intend to transfer power from the centre to officials of the central government in the field. They therefore attach a broader meaning to the concept of decentralisation, using it to cover both political devolution and the deconcentration of administrative authority. The two processes are, in fact, often complementary rather than separate.
79 citations
Book•
1 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this article, the Kindergarten movement and urban social reform are discussed, and a mother's place is put in place for the sake of the nation, and child care is an industrial issue.
Abstract: Introduction 1. The Kindergarten movement and urban social reform 2. For the sake of the nation 3. A mother's place? 4. Hitching child care to the Commonwealth star 5. Playing beneath the sword of Damocles 6. For love and money 7. Child care - an industrial issue 8. New players, new rules 9. Equity and economics Conclusion References Index.
TL;DR: The authors examined some of the linguistic features of the emerging Americanisms in Nigerian English, especially at the phonological and lexical levels, and tried to account for these features, finding that a growing bidialectism - American and British norms - in Nigeria English has been detected.
Abstract: Nigeria is a member of the British Commonwealth, having once been a colony of Britain. The English language that developed as a result of the contact with Nigerian indigenous languages over three or more centuries, is the standard British variety mediated by some Nigerian linguistic colour. It can therefore be described as distinctly Nigerian, but British norm-dependent. Years of political, social and economic interaction between Nigeria and the USA have motivated an increasing use of the American variety of English (in addition to British English) in Nigeria. This paper examines some of the linguistic features of the emerging Americanisms in Nigerian English, especially at the phonological and lexical levels, and attempts to account for these features. Findings point in the direction of a growing bidialectism - American and British norms - in Nigerian English. The paper also analyzes Nigerian usage quantitatively in relation to some sociological variables. It concludes that Nigerian speakers of English now face challenges much more complex than bi-competence in the language.
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26 Aug 1994TL;DR: In this paper, a late-Victorian liberal-conservative Select Bibliography Index of English political science is presented. But the authors focus on the making of an English political scientist.
Abstract: Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Lancashire, Idealism and Whiggism: the making of an English political scientist 2. The polis, law and the development of political studies at Oxford, 1900-20 3. Society and the state in the English national past: the lure of Pluralism 4. Statehood, nationhood, and internationalism: English political theory and the First World War 5. Education and national character: the milieu of King's College London 6. 'Continental' political science and the Cambridge Chair 7. Traditions of civility: the construction of Englishness in the Second World War and beyond 8. The expansion of Englishness: the Books Commission, Europe, and the Commonwealth Conclusion. A late-Victorian liberal-conservative Select Bibliography Index.
TL;DR: In this article, the experience of Turko-Tatar and North Caucasian Muslim refugees from the USSR in the Republic of Turkey is the subject of the following report: The experience of Turkish Muslims living in the former Soviet Muslim East.
Abstract: : The experience of Turko-Tatar and North Caucasian Muslim refugees from the USSR in the Republic of Turkey is the subject of the following report. This work and the bibliographies appended to it were prepared prior to the disintegration of the USSR. When it was initiated, the project aimed to shed light on a very poorly understood and then inaccessible region, the former Soviet Muslim East. Although events have rendered this approach unnecessary, the findings and raw data which have been generated remain useful. In particular, a wealth of information on the leading personalities, organizations and publications of these groups emerged from the research undertaken. This provides analysis with previously untapped sources on the history, culture and early political objectives of peoples which today are in the process of being integrated into the international community. Such information is of interest to analysts concerned with the larger Muslim East and Commonwealth affairs. Increasingly, these sources are also becoming available to former Soviet Muslims who will find it useful in restoring their lost history and defining their identity.
TL;DR: The first partition of 1772 starkly revealed the weaknesses of the Polish polity, but any hopes of major political overhaul were frustrated by the dead hand of Russian ambassadorial policing as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Between the sixteenth and eighteengh centuries, the nobility of the Polish–Lithuanian commonwealth had developed an ideology of extreme individualism and libertarianism, within a correspondingly weak and decentralized state structure. The first partition of 1772 starkly revealed the weaknesses of the Polish polity, but any hopes of major political overhaul were frustrated by the dead hand of Russian ambassadorial policing. The war of 1787–92 with Turkey proved a temporary distraction for Russia, which the Polish parliament of 1788–92 showed itself only partly capable of exploiting. Factional conflicts and a wary conservatism hampered reforms: the ideas of Montesquieu and Rousseau, which closely complemented so many aspects of traditional Polish noble ideology, seemed to offer the most acceptable way forward, culminating in the constitution of 3 May 1791, a compromise between enlightened idealism and political pragmatism.
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1 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The quest for an Australian past found its way into our universities and schools from the early years of the Commonwealth as discussed by the authors, which is the most prolific teacher and writer of history in inter-war Australia.
Abstract: There is a common belief that Australia acquired history only when it grew up and threw off its colonial origins after the Second World War. Yet earlier generations of Australians created their own histories to express their sense of who they were and what they might be. This book reveals that the quest for an Australian past found its way into our universities and schools from the early years of the Commonwealth. Ernest Scott was the most prolific teacher and writer of history in inter-war Australia. A self-taught, degreeless professor, he laid the foundations of a historical profession in this country and wrote the textbook that taught generations of schoolchildren the meaning of Australian history. An Englishman and an imperialist active in public affairs, he trained Australians to understand their colonial past as a guide to nationhood. At the time when Australians debate their nationhood, Asianisation and the republic, A History for a Nation recalls a lost culture of urgent contemporary significance.
TL;DR: The metaphor of the commonwealth as a person is one of the most powerful metaphors of the work of Thomas Hobbes as mentioned in this paper, and the power of the metaphor is examined in this paper.
Abstract: By now, it has become a commonplace to say that Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan is a work of rigorous reasoning wrapped up in rhetorical turns of speech.1 In this paper, my intention is to unravel one of the most powerful metaphors of that work, the metaphor of the commonwealth as a person. First, I shall try to locate the precise point at which the metaphor is meant to operate. After that, I shall focus on the metaphor itself. The third section is devoted to an examination of the power effects of the metaphor.
Book•
5 Apr 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the key events of the Department's involvement: Prime Minister Trudeau's quarrel with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) over the conditions under which Taiwan could compete in the 1976 Montreal Olympics, the Canadian government's successful efforts to avoid a boycott of the 1978 Edmonton Commonwealth Games by black African nations, government acquiescence to demands from the United States that Canada support its boycott of 1980 Moscow Olympics, government use of sport in the 1980s to maintain a leadership role within the Commonwealth in the fight against apartheid in South Africa, and government motives in announcing in October
Abstract: The authors examine the key events of the Department's involvement: Prime Minister Trudeau's quarrel with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) over the conditions under which Taiwan could compete in the 1976 Montreal Olympics; the Canadian government's successful efforts to avoid a boycott of the 1978 Edmonton Commonwealth Games by black African nations; government acquiescence to demands from the United States that Canada support its boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics; government use of sport in the 1980s to maintain a leadership role within the Commonwealth in the fight against apartheid in South Africa; and government motives in announcing in October 1987 that sport would be used more frequently to further wider foreign policy objectives. The authors also consider the consequences of the federal government's February 1992 decision to close the international sports relations section in External Affairs and subsume its functions under the corresponding unit in Fitness and Amateur Sport. Grounding this study in transnational relations theory, the authors argue that sport and international relations can no longer be understood only in terms of traditional, "realist" theories of international politics. Placing recent developments in sport in the context of broader trends in international politics, they offer observations and speculations about the future role of international sport and, in particular, the IOC in the new world of interdependence.
TL;DR: The Commonwealth Fund survey had other facets, as well as questions were asked and answers found in such areas as access to care, health insurance, work and role stress, social support systems, self-esteem and depression, and overall health status.
Abstract: Summary The Commonwealth Fund survey had other facets, as well. Questions were asked and answers found in such areas as access to care, health insurance, work and role stress, social support systems, self-esteem and depression, and overall health status. There are 95 million women in America age 18 and over, and there are existing barriers to care, together with insufficient attention to prevention when care is received. Understanding the health risks and problems, The Commonwealth Fund has established a Commission on Women's Health, chaired by Ellen V. Futter, President of The American Museum of Natural History, former President of Barnard College. The Executive Director of the Commission is Joan Leiman, Executive Deputy Vice President, Health Sciences Division, Columbia University. The Fund is to be commended for the detailed information gathered and for establishing a follow-up program to make these pervasive health problems more widely known to the public and to health policy makers. Copies of the survey are available from the Communications Office at The Commonwealth Fund, (212) 535-0400.
TL;DR: The genesis of the Commonwealth Monitoring Force (CMF) and the decisions which were made by its Commander and Staff before it arrived in Southern Rhodesia are discussed in this article. But the CMF was not, strictly speaking, responsible for "monitoring" a ceasefire but for supervising guerrillas in assembly areas.
Abstract: This article deals mainly with the genesis of the Commonwealth Monitoring Force (CMF), and the decisions which were made by its Commander and Staff before it arrived in Southern Rhodesia. It shows that, although severely limited in numbers (1,548 all ranks), the CMF was a soundly‐established body of troops. To that extent, and with the considerable exception of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group for Namibia (UNTAG), the CMF was fundamentally different from UN forces assembled on an ad hoc basis, those victims of circumstance reflecting divergent convictions and aims. Whether it was engaged in peacekeeping or peacemaking is a moot point. The CMF was not, strictly speaking, responsible for ‘monitoring’ a ceasefire but for supervising guerrillas in assembly areas. Attainment of this objective enabled the ceasefire to hold and an election to be fought fairly in spite of efforts at political levels to load the dice against the Patriotic Front of Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo.
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25 Feb 1994TL;DR: Hanley as discussed by the authors argues that the liberal culture that emerged in America between 1830 and 1860 seriously eroded mainstream Protestant confidence in the spiritual yield of republican liberty and faith, and locates this dissent within a transdenominational struggle to secure Protestantism's spiritual claims from materialism, cultural claims from the materialism and cultural arrogance.
Abstract: Antebellum mainline Protestant ministers are often portrayed as heralds of a national "faith" in republican progress that reached its high point in the three decades before the Civil War. Mark Hanley argues, however, that the liberal culture that emerged in America between 1830 and 1860 seriously eroded mainstream Protestant confidence in the spiritual yield of republican liberty and faith. Through their "religious jeremiads, " the vast body of sermons and sermonic literature that reached inward to the exclusive world of believers rather than outward to the nation at large, troubled ministers responded to the growing distance between their hopes for spiritual community and an emergent liberal culture marked by acquisitive materialism and social and intellectual diversity. By tapping neglected sources that give fuller focus to Protestant religious interests, Hanley challenges the notion that enthusiastic endorsements of millennialism and material progress had effectively silenced mainstream Protestant dissent in the late antebellum period. He locates this dissent within a transdenominational struggle to secure Protestantism's spiritual claims from the materialism, cultural claims from the materialism, cultural arrogance, and radical freedom of a new liberal order.
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1 Jan 1994
TL;DR: A Minister's Perspective on Twenty-Years of the Trade Practices Act G Gear, Asst Treasurer, Commonwealth of Australia Introduction DK Round Progress under pressure: the evolution of antitrust policy in Australia NR Norman The Role of Antitrust in a Small Open Economy: the Commerce Act in New Zealand AE Bollard The Exercise of Market Power: Its Treatment under the Australian and New Zealand Statutes PL Williams Vertical Restraints in the Australian Trade Practices ACT I McEwin The Australian Antitrest Law after 20 Years - a Stocktake M Brunt Horizontal Price Agreements in
Abstract: Foreword: A Minister's Perspective on Twenty Years of the Trade Practices Act G Gear, Asst Treasurer, Commonwealth of Australia Introduction DK Round Progress under Pressure: the Evolution of Antitrust Policy in Australia NR Norman The Role of Antitrust in a Small Open Economy: the Commerce Act in New Zealand AE Bollard The Exercise of Market Power: Its Treatment under the Australian and New Zealand Statutes PL Williams Vertical Restraints in the Australian Trade Practices Act I McEwin The Australian Antitrust Law after 20 Years - a Stocktake M Brunt Horizontal Price Agreements in Australian Antitrust: Combating Anti-Competitive Corporate Conspiracies of Complicity and Connivance DK Round, JJ Siegfried Market Definition - Judicial Approaches to Economic Analysis Justice RS French Threshold Tests for the Control of Mergers: the Australian Experience BL Johns, Trade Practices Commission
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30 Oct 1994
TL;DR: In this article, Cipriani discusses the Problems and Prospects for Religions in Eastern and Central Europe and discusses the role of the Eastern German Evangelical Church before and after Reunification.
Abstract: Tables and Figures Preface Traditions and Transitions: Reflections on the Problems and Prospects for Religions in Eastern and Central Europe by Roberto Cipriani Religio-Nationalist Subcultures in the Soviet Union: Comparisons and Conceptual Refinements by Hank Johnston Religion in Post-Communist Countries: A Comparative Study of Religiousness in Byelorussia, Ukraine, Lithuania, Russia, and Poland by Irena Borowik The New Europe and the Value Orientations of Young People: East-West Comparisons by Luigi Tomasi From Glasnost to Dukhovnost?: The Commonwealth's Alienation Crisis by Patricia Ann Wasely Lomire Religious and National Identity of Russians by Natalia Dinello Churches, Politics and Society in Post-Communist East-Central Europe by Ivan Varga Religion, Communism, and Democracy in Central Europe: The Polish Case by Patrick Michel The Crash of the Sacred Canopy in Polish Society: A Systems Theory Approach by Enzo Pace The Church as Catalyst in East Germany's Freedom Movement by Karen C. Hartley Germany's Reconstruction: The Role of the Eastern German Evangelical Church before and after Reunification by Robert E. Beckley, H. Paul Chalfant, and D. Paul Johnson Social and Ethical Aspects of the Development of the Slovak Evangelical Church in the 20th Century by Vasil Gluchman Medjugorje and the Crisis in Yugoslavia by Gerald E. Markle and Frances B. McCrea Bibliography Index
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1 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a study examining post-secondary education in the South Pacific by surveying the number of educational opportunities currently offered, by analyzing key trends, and by comparing developments in the Cook Islands and the Solomon Islands are presented.
Abstract: This book contains the results of a study examining post-secondary education in the South Pacific by surveying the number of educational opportunities currently offered, by analyzing key trends, and by comparing developments in the Cook Islands and the Solomon Islands. Following an introductory section on terminology and the region, the first main section describes current post-secondary educational opportunities in detail including sources, courses, qualifications, and access. This section concludes that increased demand for education has pressured governments to allocate resources at all levels and has encouraged diversification among sources of post-secondary education. The next section compares the Cook and Solomon Islands, the latter one of the area's largest nations and the former one of the smallest. The chapter on trends and policy options discusses a culture of continuous learning, curriculum issues, qualifications, educational quality, student and staff mobility, management, equity issues, finance, and economic development. A final section looks toward the next century and recommends extending choice, increased self-financing, accepting new national contexts, strengthening institutions, internationalizing education, encouraging science and technology, encouraging lifelong learning, strengthening curricula, acknowledging mobility, ensuring personal development, and developing personal and social values. An index is included. (Contains over 80 references.) (JB)
1 Mar 1994
TL;DR: The end of the era of decolonisation in the UK's Caribbean colonies was discussed in this article, with a focus on the British colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean.
Abstract: (1994). Britain's Caribbean colonies: The end of the era of Decolonisation? The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 87-106.
Book•
1 Apr 1994
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted by the Ocean Rescue 2000 Program, Commonwealth of Australia, with support from the Australian Nature Conservation Agency (CEPAN/CRM Program) and Queensland Department of Family Services and Aboriginal and Islander Affairs.
Abstract: This study was funded by the Ocean Rescue 2000 Program, Commonwealth of Australia, with support from the Australian Nature Conservation Agency (CEPAN/CRM Program) and Queensland Department of Family Services and Aboriginal and Islander Affairs.