Abstract: Since its independence in 1980, Zimbabwe has emerged as one of the principal forces in African international relations. Harare, the capital, has emerged as a major diplomatic center and Zimbabwe has served in major leadership positions, both at the United Nations, where, only two years after independence it was unanimously elected to the Security Council, and in the Non-Aligned Movement, which Zimbabwe was selected to chair in 1986. In this capacity, and as a member of the Commonwealth, Zimbabwe actively participated in the decolonization of Namibia and has actively lobbied the international community for comprehensive sanctions against South Africa. Unlike other newly independent states in Africa, the government of Robert Mugabe brought with it a long heritage of activity in international affairs. This pattern of international activity by Mugabe's party, the Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front)commonly referred to as ZANU(PF)2-grew out of its pursuit of a protracted, mass-based, and internationally supported armed struggle for independence. Thus, to understand the foreign policy of Zimbabwe, it is necessary to examine the international activities of ZANU prior to independence, when it was a liberation movement. It is precisely this link between liberation movements, sovereignty and foreign policy which is the focus of this study. Such an approach not only enables us to expand our notion of sovereignty, but also enables us to develop new approaches to the comparative study of African and third world foreign policy. This study is divided into three sections. The first examines the international and domestic dimensions of juridical and empirical sovereignty and provides a theoretical framework for the study of the international activities of liberation movements. The second section examines the evolution of the international activities of ZANU which are divided into four phases: ZANU's initial thrust into a hostile international arena (1963-68); the emergence and impact of international alliances, particularly with the People's Republic of China (PRC) (1968-74); the impact of changing regional interests (1974-76); and

Abstract: (1993). Policing and communal conflict: The Cyprus emergency, 1954–60. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 21, Emergencies and Disorder in the European Empires after 1945, pp. 177-207.

Abstract: List of Tables - List of Figures - Notes on the Editors - Notes on the Other Contributors - Foreword P.J.Buckley - PART 1: CONTEXTUAL AND THEMATIC ASPECTS - Foreign Investment in Central and Eastern Europe: an Overview P.Artisien, M.Rojec & M.Svetlicic - The Prospects for Foreign Direct Investment in Eastern Europe J.H.Dunning - Some Contextual and Thematic Aspects of East-West Industrial Cooperation, with Special Reference to Yugoslav Multinationals P.Artisien & C.H.McMillan - Joint Ventures in Eastern Europe and the Dynamics of Reciprocal Flows in East- West Direct Investments: Some New Perspectives P.Gutman - PART 2: EMPIRICAL COUNTRY STUDIES - Foreign Investment in the Commonwealth of Independent States: Growth, Operations and Problems Y.Adjubei - Foreign Direct Investment in Hungary D.G.Young - Foreign Direct Investment in Poland: 1986-1990 Z.Bochniarz & W.Jermakowicz - Foreign Direct Investment in the Newly-Independent Republic of Slovenia: Experiences and Policy Options M.Rojec & M.Svetlicic - Joint Venture Laws in Eastern Europe: A Comparative Assessment W.Jermakowicz & C.Drazek - PART 3: CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS - The European Community and Investment in Central and Eastern Europe J.Pinder - Appendix: The Practicalities of Establishing a Joint Venture in the Commonwealth of Independent States W.Crisp - Bibliography - Index

Abstract: ON the passing of its Empire, Britain left some 50 specific legacies: to every Commonwealth State, a written constitution, or the means of obtaining one. The earlier constitutions, of Canada, Australia and New Zealand, not fully sovereign States at the time, were enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The post-war constitutions were formed in a different way. Parliament passed an Independence Act; but the constitutions either were drawn up in Whitehall, and made law by Order in Council, or were indigenous. We have something of a phenomenon: Whitehall lawyers must have drafted at least 33 complete and final independence constitutions during the period, to say nothing of a deluge of intermediate instruments.' And this from almost the only country in the world to be itself without a written constitution. Many of the constitutions made in London have been unmade, and made again, in far-away capitals; and a similar fate has overtaken some of the indigenous constitutions. But many have lasted. This article will attempt an assessment of the successes and failures of Commonwealth constitution-making during the past 40 years or more.

Abstract: The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) has emerged as a dramatic geopolitical consequence of the dissolution of the USSR, which confirmed once again the historical fact (after the Roman Empire, the Arab Caliphate, Austria-Hungary, etc.) that huge multinational state formations are necessarily temporary. Along with historical, socio-economic and political aspects, which are beyond the scope of the present article, this event raised notable legal issues, including legal succession, multiplicity of legal regimes within the CHS, its legal nature, institutional structure, and working mechanisms. The present study focuses on the institutional facets of the OS.

Abstract: (1993). ‘A widespread and long‐concocted plot to overthrow government in Malaya'? the origins of the Malayan emergency. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 21, Emergencies and Disorder in the European Empires after 1945, pp. 66-88.

Abstract: Botswana is one of the largest and most populated of 71 "small states" with populations below 1.5 million (of which there are 13 in Africa).' The development and operation of education systems in small states has become a focus of concern for the Commonwealth Secretariat, but only six are in Africa.2 Botswana stands in sharp contrast to most small developing nations, both within the Commonwealth and outside, for a number of reasons. Botswana has, since independence in 1966, maintained a stable democracy.3 From the mid-1970s Botswana has been able to diversify its economy away from cattle and marginal agriculture with the discovery of diamonds and the development of nickle-copper matte, soda ash, coal and limited tourism.4 Rapid population growth and urbanization have occurred in Botswana over the last 20 years; Gaborone is said to be the fastest growing city in Africa. In 1971 only 10% of the population lived in towns, compared to 33% in 1991. New towns have evolved at Selebi-Phikwe, Orapa, Jwaneng, and Sowa, while the older centers of Ghanzi, Kasane, Maun, Francistown, and Lobatse have grown significantly; major agro-towns, Molepolole, Serowe, Kanye and others, have become important growth centers. Botswana remains one of the few Third World countries with a hard currency strategy (minimal exchange controls). Stable government and an expanding economy have made possible steady growth in the education system. Botswana has gone from being one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle income nation (not one of the wealthiest, which is the received truth among aid donors and others).5 Because of its very rapidity, this growth has generated unforeseen problems and contradictions. Education in Botswana has always been subject to close

Abstract: The main theme of this publication is a reminder that without a coherent national information technology policy which resonates clearly with national development objectives, and without a full understanding of the national, cultural and organisation context, a less than full return will be obtained for the investment of scarce resources.

Abstract: Preface and Acknowledgments Peace, Security, and International Law The OAU: Peace Keeping and Conflict Resolution :The OAU and International Law The OAU and Western Sahara: A Case Study Economic, Social, and Humanitarian Development The Role of SADCC in Subregional Development The OAU and Human Rights: Regional Promotion of Human Rights The OAU and African Refugees The OAU and Environmental Issues Relations with Other Organizations and Systems OAU-UN Relations in a Changing World OAU-UN Interaction over the Last Decade The OAU and Afro-Arab Cooperation The OAU and the Commonwealth The Future An OAU for the Future: An Assessment Appendix I: Map of Africa Appendix II: Member States of the OAU Selected Bibliography Index

Abstract: 1. On 22 February 1991 Portugal submitted an application to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) instituting proceedings against the Commonwealth of Australia. Portugal was acting on behalf of, and in the interest of, the people of East Timor in bringing the claim, while simultaneously defending its own interests. In 1989 Australia concluded an agreement with Indonesia concerning the delimitation and the exploitation of the continental shelf of East Timor. According to the Portuguese application Australia, inter alia, thereby infringed the right of the people of East Timor to self-determination. A brief examination of the events involving East Timor in the 1970s is necessary before the Portuguese application can be considered.

Abstract: FROM THE 14TH TO THE MID-20TH CENTURY Poland shared perhaps the most significant aspects of its history with Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Beginning in 1944, the communist regime in Poland cooperated with the Soviet regime to sever the historical bonds between Poland and its eastern neighbours. These links remained broken until the late 1980s, when Lithuania, Ukraine and Belarus began to move at varying speeds to assert their sovereignty against Moscow. By late 1991 all three had declared their independence from the Soviet Union. In rather short order, Poland was faced with the need to develop relations with countries where so much of Polish history-for good and for ill-has been played out.' The long history of Poland's ties to the East colours contemporary Polish images of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Some Poles look back to the Jagiellonian period and the time of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and see an opportunity for Poland to extend its influence into the territories that stretch between the Baltic and the Black seas. Just as from the 14th till the end of the 18th centuries Poland transmitted Western culture to the East, so today Polish observers believe that Poland can again play the role of bridge between West and East.2 Others go even further to suggest that Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine might explore the reconstruction of the Commonwealth on a contemporary foundation.3 Still others portray the independence of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine as resolving an old Polish security problem by blocking the extension of Russian influence into Central Europe.4 But the history of Polish relations with Lithuanians, Belarusians and Ukrainians in the late 19th and 20th centuries, particularly from 1918 to 1945, is one of conflict. Evoking this more recent historical experience, some Polish observers draw attention to the threats emanating from the East. Stanislaw Bieleni wrote that, at best, independent Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania will be averse to a Polish orientation in their foreign policies and, at worst, will press territorial claims against Poland.5 Others believe that Poland's eastern neighbours might pursue a condominium with Germany that would be detrimental to Poland's interests. Perhaps the greatest fear is that political instability and economic chaos in the East will provoke a mass migration across Poland's borders that would doom Poland's fragile economic and political reforms.

Abstract: The chief administrators at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) began formally to explore Total Quality Management (TQM) during the summer of 1991. What they found initially was both surprising and revealing. A major affiliated division of the university, which operates autonomously, had already undertaken a large-scale TQM effort. Early discussions also revealed a core of faculty who were already teaching, conducting research, and providing services to the business community, as well as state and local government agencies, in the TQM arena. These discoveries gave additional impetus for the administrators to pursue a study of TQM. The unfolding of the study and related activities undertaken to date provide insights into theprocess of implementing TQM at a major university.

Abstract: (1993). Creating a breathing space: The political management of colonial emergencies. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 21, Emergencies and Disorder in the European Empires after 1945, pp. 89-106.

Abstract: THE right not to be deprived of property by the State (except for a public purpose, upon payment of compensation and according to law) is found in many constitutions, including almost all of the Commonwealth constitutions in which fundamental rights have been enshrined.' As the provisions of Commonwealth constitutions are drafted in broadly similar terms, these countries face similar constitutional limitations upon their power to regulate economic activity, engage in land reform and generally participate in the economy. There are differences, of course, in the constitutional provisions and in legal and political systems of these countries; nevertheless, Commonwealth courts have shown that they are prepared to rely on the judgments of other Commonwealth courts when faced with difficult issues. A comparative study of the case law is therefore useful for indicating the issues and problems which are likely to come before the courts and the manner in which they are likely to resolve them. However, the area has not been the subject of a comparative study in recent years. Accordingly, this article examines two of the fundamental issues of a right to property: the meaning of "property", and the actions included in a deprivation of property.

Abstract: The dramatic changes that have occurred in the former Soviet Union as part of its transformation from a communist command economy to a free-market economy are having a profound impact on the lives of its people. These changes are particularly important in the area of work and careers because these contrasting economic systems assign different meanings and valuations to these domains. Although the institutional and structural changes that are needed to make this transformation successful have been addressed extensively, the changes that are required in the career attitudes, values, and overall conduct of individuals have received little attention. This article applies a developmental-contextual approach to the analysis of changes that have occurred in the former Soviet Union and how they may affect individual career development.

Abstract: The revival of a federal urban programme in Australia, of which Building Better Cities is the centrepiece, coincided with deepening recession and increasing skepticism about the economic assumptions that informed Commonwealth policy throughout the 1980s. These events, which posed a real threat to Labor federally, saw the programme priorities change on two occasions as the bureaucrats sought to re-establish a legitimacy for urban strategy. The earliest version, Better Cities, appealed to disaffected Labor voters by proposing a ‘needs-based’ approach to area improvement and releasing ‘frozen’ funds for urban infrastructure. This underwent ‘strategic ref focussing’ in conjunction with the framing of the One Nation Statement to make the role of cities in ‘nation building’ more explicit. Finally, when the level of unemployment could be ignored no longer, additional BBCP funding was brought forward in the 1992–93 Budget to assist with job creation. Ultimately the purpose and content of Building Better Cities se...

Abstract: Preliminary Observations. Part I: The Soviet System. Part II: The Legal System. The Constitutional Order: from the U.S.S.R. to the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Economic System: from Plan to Market. The Social System. Part III: Legislation. Bibliographical Note. Index.

Abstract: This interview with Sir Leslie Melville focuses on his career which began in 1924 when he was appointed Public Actuary of South Australia. He became the Commonwealth Bank's first economist in 1931. In 1944 he led the Australian delegation to the United Nations Monetary and Economic Conference at Bretton Woods and was the Australian Executive Director of the IMF/World Bank in the earty 1950s During the 1960s and 1970s he was chairman of the Tariff Board and of the Commonwealth Grants Commission He was appointed Professor of Economics in the University of Adelaide in 1929 and was Vice-Chancellor of the ANU between 1953 and 1960.

Abstract: : By virtue of its strategic location at the intersection of Europe and Asia, Turkey plays a pivotal role in the post-cold war system of states. The authors examine Turkey's position and policies in the three vital areas of its strategic engagement: Europe, the Middle East, and the former Soviet Union's Muslim republics, as well as the impact of those factors on U.S. policy. The authors also analyze the current balance of forces affecting Turkey and its alliance with the United States. They conclude that Turkey has serious domestic and internal challenges, and may have overextended itself abroad at a time when threats in all three areas around it are either growing or remaining constant. This situation poses challenges to the United States to repair its relations with Turkey and strengthen its capacity to play a stabilizing and constructive role in Europe and Asia. Western European Union (WEU), Operation provide comfort. Balkans, Middle East, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), NATO, Transcaucasia, European Union (EU), Western European Union (WEU), Operation provide comfort.

Abstract: Preface An Overview of Mental Health Policy from an International Perspective Argentina Canada Chile India Israel Italy Japan Korea The Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan People's Republic of China Romania Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States Saudi Arabia Turkey United Kingdom The United States Zambia Index