Abstract: Although most countries in the Commonwealth derive their town planning systems from British practice and legislation, the process of transfer has received relatively little attention. Based mainly upon material in the early town planning journals, this article proposes an explanatory model, comprising colonial status, type of activity, implementation mechanism and geographical location. It also examines the colonial work of two garden city planners: Charles Reade (1883–1933) in South Australia, Malaya and Northern Rhodesia, and Albert Thompson (1878–1940) in South Africa and Nigeria. Conflicts between town planning and the political realities of colonial rule are considered, particularly the opposition of local colonial administrators to outside advice and the segregationist principles underpinning colonial rule. Finally, some directions for future research are suggested.

Abstract: During the Progressive Era, the child guidance movement began as part of the Commonwealth Fund's "Program for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency." During its years as a Commonwealth Fund project (1922-1945) the movement grew from a community effort for the prevention of mental illness to a field of specialty practice in psychiatry, psychology, and social work. Employing the newly accessible archives of the Commonwealth Fund, Margo Horn presents the complex history of the child guidance movement in relation to the mental health professions, philanthropic foundations, and the American family.Originally focused on the identification of the "problem child," the establishment of child guidance clinics, and programs to promote community mental health, the movement gradually shifted its goals toward the training of child guidance professionals and the monitoring of growth and treatment by the clinics. The idealistic concern over community mental health became a concern over professional standards and status with the fields of psychiatry, psychology, and social work vying for prominence. Within the context of this transition, Horn examines the ways in which the family and children increasingly came under the scrutiny of "experts." Margo Horn directs the Innovative Academic Courses Program and teaches History at Stanford University.

Abstract: (1990). ‘Gentlemanly capitalism’ and empire: The British experience since 1750? The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 265-295.

Abstract: Sir Geoffrey Howe examines the concept of sovereignty against the background of British colonial and Commonwealth experience and the British tradition of constitutional change. He sees sovereignty as a nation's practical capacity to maximize its influence in the world. He analyses the partnership in sovereignty embodied in the European Community, and argues that the recombination of sovereignty in the EC is the best guarantee of strengthening Britain's position in the world.

Abstract: THE year 1988 witnessed some remarkable events in Malaysia. Not only was the ruling party held by a High Court judge to be an illegal society, but this event led indirectly to executive interference with the judiciary resulting in the removal of the Lord President of the Supreme Court, the country's most senior judge, and two other judges of the Supreme Court. Put shortly the problem is not an unfamiliar one in the Commonwealth countries of Asia and Africa. A judiciary in the process of flexing its muscles and exercising the independence vouchsafed to it by the constitution incurred the anger of an executive which took a very different view from the judiciary of the nature of the separation of powers under the constitution. The particular form this familiar story took is, however, of great interest because it brings together a number of extraordinary factors, political, legal and cultural, and reveals much about the difficulties which face judges in the rapidly industrialising countries of Asia.

Abstract: British thinking on Middle East defence, 1948-1950 the attempt to establish a Middle East command, 1949-1953 Britain, the Commonwealth and the Middle East changes in strategic thinking 1951-1954 defence talks with Middle East States, 1951-1954 security at last? the establishment of the Baghdad pact 1954-1956.

Abstract: 1788 Burke said of the British in India: 'The Company in India does not exist as a national colony ... The English in India are nothing but a seminary for the succession of officers. They are a nation of placemen ;they are a commonwealth without a people.51 This analysis held good some forty years later. The overwhelming mass of Europeans in India were still employed by the state, that is by the East India Company or the armed forces of the Crown. In 1830 there were 36,409 Whites in the King's and Company's armies in India.2 A statement for the Company's civil establishments, including its marine, for 1827 Put tne^r numbers at some 3,55O.3 By comparison 'private settlers' outside official employment were only estimated at 2,149/ At the end of the nineteenth century, less than one-quarter of the adult population of India, classified as 'European' by the 1901 census, had been born in India; British troops still constituted 36 per cent of the total European population.5 A community dominated by official employment, recruited in Britain and set on returning to Britain (Burke's hyperbole that 'the natives scarcely know what it is to see the grey head of an Englishman'6 still had some substance in 1901 when only 5 per cent of the European population was over fifty) 7 would probably have been largely immune from the radical impulses of the 'Age of Revolution' and can perhaps hardly be

Abstract: In a recent intervention within the debate about the managerialist reconstitution of Australian public bureaucracies, the Secretary of the Commonwealth Department of Finance, Michael Keating (1989, p.124), sums up what he calls the raison detre of the reforms “as changing the focus more to ‘management for results’”. He proposes that the aim in this has been “to focus management attention on the purposes of programs and the cost-effective achievement of outcomes rather than simply on inputs and processes”.

Abstract: (1990). Party Selectorates in Australia, Britain and Canada: Prolegomena for Research in the 1990s. The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 219-245.

Abstract: SUMMARY As part of a major international study, 219 first‐year geography students at three Australian universities drew sketch maps of the world. These maps were overwhelmingly Sinocentric in orientation. In terms of content, Australian students tended to include slightly fewer countries than students elsewhere. The level of inclusion of individual countries in the sketch maps was influenced greatly by the area and population of the countries in question but secondary factors such as proximity to Australia, Commonwealth nation status, historical/cultural factors and level of economic development were also important. In comparison to students throughout the world, Australian students demonstrated a fair knowledge of East Asia and ASEAN nations, Western Europe and Commonwealth nations, and relatively poor knowledge of Latin America, non‐Commonwealth Africa and South‐west Asia.

Abstract: This discussion paper reviews current Commonwealth literacy and language policies and programs. The review represents a key part of the Prime Minister's commitment in March 1990 to maintain and develop the National Policy on Languages and it incorporates the first part of a review of the Ethnic Schools Program. The paper also reflects the influence of, and lessons learnt from, Australia's participation in International Literacy Year (1990). As a discussion paper, the purpose of this document is not intended to define established policy. Volume one deals with the main issues and proposals that might govern Australia's literacy and language policies for the future. Volume two consists of a series of appendices which examine specific issues in more detail. The paper has been developed in consultation with: (1) advisory groups within the Employment, Education and Training portfolio, including: the Asian Studies Council; the Australian Advisory Council on Languages and Multicultural Education; the National Aboriginal Employment, Education and Training Committee; the National Board of Employment, Education and Training; and the National Consultative Council for International Literacy Year; (2) key Commonwealth Departments, particularly: the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade; the Department of Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs; the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (including the Office of Multicultural Affairs); and the Department of Social Security; and with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission; (3) a group of distinguished academics and specialists in literacy, English as a second language, languages other than English and Aboriginal languages; and (4) State and Territory government and non-government school education systems. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of those consulted.

Abstract: (1991). Namibia: The constitutional path to freedom. Commonwealth Law Bulletin: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 644-665.

Abstract: For almost thirty years Australian tertiary education was administered by independent statutory commissions of one sort or another. They were based on the ‘buffer’ principle of having an intermediate organisation between governments and institutions; a format that owed its origins to the British UGC model. The most recent of the commissions - the Commonwealth Tertiary Education Commission (CTEC) - was established in 1977 and made responsible for all sectors of post-secondary education. For the first eight years or so of its existence CTEC functioned as a relatively self-contained entity in the commonwealth bureaucratic arena and enjoyed a very high degree of authority over the development of the nation's colleges and universities. It earned an impressive reputation for stability, coherence and high standards in policy-making. During the mid-1980s, however, policies introduced by the newly elected Hawke Labor government to counter a rapidly deteriorating economic climate had a significant impact on tertiary education as a whole and on CTEC in particular. Under Labor, tertiary education came to be viewed as a vital infrastructure resource for industrial development. Federal government departments, which had previously taken little interest in tertiary education, became actively involved in the affairs of universities and colleges. This involvement eventually undermined the viability of CTEC's role. First, a variety of demands were imposed upon the Commission which it found impossible to meet. As a consequence it was depicted as unresponsive and incompetent. Second, a number of agencies developed new policy initiatives in the tertiary education sphere over which CTEC had no control. The outcome was a fragmented and confused policy environment. Third, initiatives introduced by departments provided fresh sources of external funds for institutions. The sudden availability of this finance created divisions within the tertiary education community which seriously compro-mised the Commission's planning procedures. By mid-1987 the combined influence of these developments had substantially attenuated CTEC's effectiveness as a policy-making body. At the end of 1987, as part of a wide-ranging series of reforms, the government decided to disband the Commission and transfer most of its functions to a newly created ‘super’ department. The presiding minister now possesses direct control over the activities of universities and colleges. This situation amounts to a significant change in the style of policy formulation and implementation in Australian tertiary education.

Abstract: (1990). An imperial dilemma: The propagation of Christianity in early colonial India. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 169-190.

Abstract: * The research for this article was made possible with the cooperation of Arvonne Fraser, Senior Fellow at the Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs and valued colleague. The author is grateful to her and to Stephen Isaacs of Columbia University and Mary Martin, formerly of the Humphrey Institute, for helpful comments and encouragement. Gratitude also is extended to friends and colleagues who helped the author make a beginning in understanding the complexities of sub-Saharan African culture and customary law: Bart Rwezaura, Alice Armstrong, Athaliah Molokomme, Gladys Mutukwa, Pat Mahmoud, and Margaret Rogers. Christine Wilson of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Library in London, the reference librarians at the University of Minnesota Law School and the Africana Collection at Northwestern University, and Dr. Eileen Boxill of the Jamaica Law Reform Commission also were of great help. The acquisition of research materials was made possible in part by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which focuses activities on countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. Any errors in discussing these matters are purely those of the author. t Fellow, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota; Deputy Director, International Women's Rights Action Watch. B.A., University of Minnesota, 1968; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1975; J.D., University of Minnesota, 1976. New constitutions have been produced as a result of revolutions, peaceful political change, or independence from colonial rule (in some countries, all these circumstances have occurred in a short time). Gender equality has been an important consideration in a number of revolutionary constitutions. See, for example, Nicaraguan Const, Arts 27, 73 (1987); Cuba Const, Ch III, Art 35, Ch V, Arts 40, 41 (1976); Mozambique Const, Arts 26, 29 (1975). In some countries women's roles in their revolutions represented a major departure from prior roles of dependency; the revolution allowed for-and even required-new roles. See generally, Debra Evenson, Women's Equality in Cuba: What Difference Does a Revolution Make?, 4 J L & Inequal 295 (1986); Ruth Weiss, The Women of Zimbabwe 105-15 (Kesho, 1986). In Brazil and Canada, as a result of women's organizational efforts, the new constitutions include specific provisions concerning gender equality. Silvia Pimentel, A Comparative Study of the U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Brazilian Women's Proposals to the National Consituent Assembly, and the 1988 Brazilian Constitution (1988) (available from the Intl Women's Rights Action Watch); Katherine J. de Jong, Sexual Equality: Interpretation of Section 28, in Ann F. Bayefsky and Mary A. Eberts, eds, Equality Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 493 (Carswell, 1985).

Abstract: A stratified random sample of 655 Australian general practitioners (GPs) was surveyed to determine their attitudes, knowledge and behaviour in relation to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Of the 486 respondents, 22% had one or more patients with HIV infection in their practice and 60% had been asked for information on HIV infection in the past month by at least one patient. The majority of respondents viewed screening and education of patients as part of their role, but 24% did not want to maintain a therapeutic relationship with HIV‐infected patients and 16% felt it was appropriate to refuse to treat this group. Although most respondents correctly identified the well known risk‐taking behaviours for HIV infection in homosexual men and intravenous drug users, they underestimated the risk to heterosexuals and exaggerated that associated with activities generally considered not to involve risk. The knowledge of appropriate infection control procedures of approximately 60% of the respondents was inadequate. A lack of time in consulting was the most commonly cited barrier to the routine assessment of, or enquiry into, risk‐taking behaviours of patients in the respondents' practices. Respondents noted that they required more knowledge of the clinical presentation and diagnosis of HIV infection, as well as education in counselling techniques and the risks of transmission associated with sexual and non‐sexual activities. They felt such information could best be imparted through printed material. These results indicate that most GPs are willing to play an active role in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of HIV disease, but they require more accurate information in order to fulfil this role appropriately. The study identifies and addresses several barriers to GPs playing a more active role in the management of HIV disease.

Abstract: The Commonwealth Monitoring Force (CMF) supervised the ceasefire arrangements and the transfer of power in Zimbabwe/Rhodesia from 28 December 1979 to 20 March 1980. The diplomatic activity and negotiating strategies employed to achieve these results are generally recognised as being examples of a successfully conducted settlement of a violent and intractable insurgency. However in spite of its success there is among the peacekeeping cognoscenti, particularly the UN traditionalists, a reluctance to recognise the lessons that can be derived from the experience of the military element of the peace initiative. It is perhaps a consequence of this that there are few serious books that deal with the operations of the Commonwealth Monitoring Force. This study sets out to examine the activities of the monitoring force rather than the observer teams or the politicians who were the principle actors during the negotiations and the elections.

Abstract: (1990). Australia's rejection of a bill of rights. The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 344-368.

Abstract: Part 1 Management and control of budgets: the proces of commonwealth budgetary control, Michael Keating the political control of budgets in Victoria, Robert Jolly federalism and devolution fiscal federalism - commonwealth conditional funding and state responses, Brian Head and John Wanna recent trends in introducting devolutionary attempts in budgeting, Cliff Walsh implementation of devolution budget reform and commonwealth-state devolution in human services provision, Glenn Rees devolution of budgetary control in Queensland, David Ford the management of budgeting in Victoria, Barry Nicholls budget management within agencies control of budgetary expenditure the commonwealth running costs system, George Rothman and Brian Thornton rational managerial behaviour, risk and expenditure surge in the public sector, John Forster. Part 2 Accounting, auditing and mangerialism: public sector accounting and the challenge of managerialism, Lee parker and James Guthrie accounting practices and control changes in accounting and auditing practices the New Zealand experience, Ian Ball Australia moves to accrual accounting problems and prospects, David Shand decentralization of budgeting computerization of internal budget control within a commonwealth department, Alex Blake decentralizing capital budgeting - employing commercial practices in the Australian public sector, Ray McNamara and Neil Cocks auditing for budgetary control audit control and management of budgetary processes - the new role of the auditor-general, John Taylor the private auditing of public accounts, Russell Banham.

Abstract: Dissatisfaction with Australia's federalist constitutional and administrative arrangements seems universal. The Labor Party has historically preferred a centralist thrust to the Australian federal compact. From the opposite, decentralist tack the Liberal‐National Coalition parties currently propose that the Commonwealth should hive‐off policy functions to the States. These attitudes are expressed in an intellectual climate that disparages the allocative efficiency of Australian federalism and debates these issues in terms of shifting power to or from the Commonwealth. A more sensible focus is on the usage that the citizenry has made of the federal system in obtaining satisfactory service delivery. Using this approach our federal system works efficiently (in a limited political‐administrative sense. This is not an argument that Australia's federal system is good because it maximises fiscal efficiency or guarantees equity. It does not do the former'and varies in its attainment of the latter. The federal sys...

Abstract: (1990). Ministerial resignation and individual ministerial responsibility in Australia 1976–1989. The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 141-161.

Abstract: (1990). The localization of the Hong Kong police force, 1842–1947. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 296-315.