TL;DR: In this article, large fossils from the buried beaches near Nome, Alaska, are allocated to their respective positions in the sequence of deposits, and the Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, and Cirripedia are described and illustrated.
Abstract: The large fossils from the buried beaches near Nome, Alaska, are allocated to their respective positions in the sequence of deposits, and the Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, and Cirripedia are described and illustrated. New forms are described by MacNeil in the gastropod genera Cylichnella (Bullinella), Oenopota, Mohnia, Columbella (Astyris), Epitonium (Boreoscala), Odostomia (Iolaea), Tachyrhynchus, and Solariella (Machaeroplax); and in the pelecypod genera Crenella, Astarte, Cardita (Cyclocardia), and Cardium (Cerastoderma). A new form is described by Pilsbry in the cirrepede genus Verruca. It is inferred from the fauna that the relative ages of the beaches determined on physical grounds is correct, i.e., from younger to older, the Second Beach, the Intermediate Beach, and the Inner Submarine Beach; further, that the age of the Intermediate and Inner Submarine Beaches is Pliocene and of the Second Beach possibly Pleistocene. The fauna suggests that warmer waters than those of the present prevailed while the beaches were forming.
TL;DR: Except for protoconch features, no major morphological characters are available to separate the three species; however diagnostic species-level differences in specific positions in the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences are present between all three species.
Abstract: Three species of the neogastropod genus Columbella Lamarck, 1799 are recognised from the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. One is the common Mediterranean C. rustica (Linnaeus, 1758), with paucispiral protoconch, extending its range in the Atlantic South to Senegal and North to Portugal. Columbella adansoni Menke, 1853, with multispiral protoconch is restricted to the Macaronesian archipelagoes. A third species, also with multispiral protoconch, from West Africa is recognised through molecular methods, and the name C. xiphitella Duclos, 1840 is employed by correcting the original erroneous locality (“Californie”) to Gabon. Except for protoconch features, no major morphological characters are available to separate the three species; however diagnostic species-level differences in specific positions in the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences are present between all three species.