Abstract: Recent studies based on line indices of nearby early-type galaxies suggest that stars in the galaxies' inner part may be younger and more metal rich than stars in the outer part. If confirmed, the finding has a profound implication for the formation and evolution of early-type galaxies, since such age gradients naturally arise if merging played an important role in their formation/evolution. As an indpendent test for the existence of the age gradient, we investigate the optical-NIR color gradients of six field early-type galaxies at z \simeq 0.4 -- 1.0 where the age gradient is expected to be detectable when combined with z=0 calibrations. By utilizing HST NICMOS H-band imaging along with WFPC2 optical data, we obtain a broad wavelength baseline, giving results that are sensitive to the expected age gradient. When compared with simple model predictions, five of the objects show negligible age gradients and are metallicity gradient dominated, while the remaining object shows a color gradient consistent with the age+metallicity gradient picture. Our results suggest that stars within early-type galaxies may be coeval at z \sim 1, but sprinkling of young stars might have occured at z < 1.

Abstract: Computer-implemented methods and computer program apparatus, for implementing techniques for shading selected regions of an image. These include receiving an input selecting a region to be filled, receiving an input defining a gradient specifying a color transition to be applied between a starting position and an ending position, and applying the gradient between the starting position and the ending position to assign, based on the shape of the selected region, a color for each of a plurality of points located inside an outline defining the region's shape. In preferred embodiments, the gradient is applied by identifying, for each point in the selected region, a color interpolation vector extending from the starting position through the point to the ending position and intersecting the outline at one or more intersection points, and assigning a color for the point based on its position along the color interpolation vector.

Abstract: We propose a fast video object segmentation method that detects object boundaries accurately, and does not require any user assistance. Video streams are considered as 3D data, called video-cubes, to take advantage of 3D signal processing techniques. After a video sequence is filtered, marker nodes are selected from the color gradient. A volume around each marker is grown by using color/texture distance criteria. Then volumes that have similar characteristics are merged. Self-descriptors for each volume, mutual descriptors for each pair of volumes are computed. These descriptors capture motion and spatial information of volumes. In the clustering stage, volumes are classified into objects in a fine-to-coarse hierarchy. While applying and relaxing descriptor based adaptive, similarity scores are estimated for each possible pair-wise combination of volumes. The pair that gives the maximum score is clustered iteratively. Finally, an object-based multi-resolution representation tree is assembled.

Abstract: In this paper, we describe and compare two multiscale color segmentation schemes basedon the Gaussian multiscale and the Perona and Malik anisotropic diffusion. The proposed segmentation schemes consist of an extension to color images of an earlier multiscale hierarchical watershedsegm entation for scalar images. Our segmentation scheme constructs a hierarchy among the watershedre gions using the principle of dynamics of contours in scale-space. Each contour is valuated by combining the dynamics of contours over the successive scales. We conduct experiments on the scale-space stacks created by the Gaussian scale-space andt he Perona and Malik anisotropic diffusion scheme. Our experimental results consist of the comparison of both schemes with respect to the following aspects: size and in formation reduction between successive levels of the hierarchical stack, dynamics of contours in scale space and computation time.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, implementing and using techniques for defining a color gradient to be applied to a region. A gradient starting point is defined, a gradient ending point is defined, at least one intermediary point between the gradient starting point and the gradient ending point is defined, and a set of gradient attributes is defined. A first and a second set of values are defined for the set of gradient attributes, the first set of values defining a transition between the gradient starting point and the at least one intermediary point, and the second set of attribute values defining a transition between the at least one intermediary point and the gradient ending point. The first and second set of values are distinct.

Abstract: In a printing system, a hue shift compensation method includes the steps of: printing in a first direction a first color having a first color composition; printing in a second direction a plurality of second colors having varying color compositions; measuring with a color sensor the first and second colors; selecting one of the second colors approximating the first color and having a second color composition; and storing data corresponding to the second color composition as direction dependent color map data for use in printing in the second direction.

Abstract: The focus of exploration in new fractal techniques is shifting away from fractal formulas and towards coloring algorithms. This paper provides an overview of the coloring algorithms in popular use and how they can be combined and superposed. We call these multi layer fractals, and they are the source of some of the richest fractal imagery being produced today. In this way, even a limited collection of fractal coloring algorithms can be combined in almost endless ways. 1. Dynamical systems and fractals Dynamical systems are a well-known branch of mathematics, but until the arrival of computers the sheer number of calculations involved made them impractical for real use. The computer's ability to perform rapid calculations allows us to condense billions of calculations into results we can digest. Benoit Mandelbrot was the first one to use computers to produce graphical representations of dynamical systems in the complex plane, based on the quadratic formulas described by the French mathematician Gaston Julia at the beginning of the 20th century. During the 1980s, fractal enthusiasts began exploring fractals for their artistic merit, not for their mathematical significance. While mathematics was the tool, the focus was art. As the fractal equation itself was the most obvious mathematical element, fractal artists experimented with new equations, introducing hundreds of different fractal types. By carefully choosing parameters to refme form, color, and location, these explorers introduced the concept of fractal art. Mer 1995, few new major fractal types have been introduced. This is because the newest innovations in fractal art do not come from changing the fractal equation, but from new ways of coloring the results of those equations. As these coloring algorithms move from simple to complex, fractal artists are often returning to the simpler, classical fractal equations. With the increased flexibility these sophisticated algorithms provide, there is even more room for personal artistic expression. 2. Coloring algorithms Every dynamical system produces a sequence of values Zo, Z.. ~... Zo. Fractal images are created by producing one of these sequences for each pixel in the image; the coloring algorithm is what interprets this sequence to produce a final color. 90 Javier Barrallo and Santiago Sanchez Typically, the coloring algorithm produces a single value for each pixel. Since color is a tbreedimensional space, this one-dimensional value must be expanded to produce a color image. The common method is to create a palette, a sequence of 3D color values; these are connected end-to-end and the coloring algorithm value is then used as a position along this multi-segmented line (the gradient). If the last palette color is connected to the first, a closed, segmented loop is formed and any real value from the coloring algorithm can be mapped to a defined color in the gradient. Gradients are normally linearly interpolated in RGB space (Red,Green, Blue), but they can also be interpolated in HSL space (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) and interpolated with spline curves instead of straight line segments. The selection of the gradient is one of the most critical artistic choices in creating a good fractal image. Color selection can emphasize one part of a fractal image while de-emphasizing others. In extreme cases, two images with the same fractal parameters, but different color schemes will appear totally different. Some coloring algorithms produce discrete values, while some produce continuous values. Discrete values will produce visible stepping when used as a gradient position; until recently this was not terribly important, as the restriction of 8-bit color displays introduced an element of color stepping in gradients anyway, and discrete coloring values were mapped to corresponding discrete color in the gradient. With the introduction of inexpensive 24-bit displays, algorithms which produce continuous values are becoming more important, as this permits interpolating along the color gradient to any color precision desired.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a color code rich in practical performance for correctly reading even print data whose density difference is small and a method for recording the color code. SOLUTION: In this color code recording system, the respective original color density of constituting three original colors is classified into a plurality of stages, and a preliminarily decided numeric or character string is made correspond to the combination of the original colors whose density is classified, and data columns are successively converted into the combined colors of the original colors whose density is classified based on the corresponding numeric or the corresponding character string so that information can be recorded.

Abstract: An optical display system having a lenticular array for focusing color light beams onto a plane forming a spatial mix of the colors of the beams and an optical translator for shifting the spatial mix of the colors of the plane is disclosed. The system divides white light into primary color beams. The primary color beams are directed to a lenticular array resulting in the color plane. The color plane is then reflected off a light valve and projected as a sub-frame. Multiple sub-frames, each having a permutated spatial color mix (compared to other sub-frames) are projected rapidly to generate a frame of color image.

Abstract: In complex color documents, text, drawings and graphics occur with millions of different colors. In many cases, text regions are overlaid onto drawings or graphics. A new method is proposed for the automatic detection and extraction of text in mixed type color documents. The proposed method is based on a combination of an adaptive color reduction (ACR) technique and a page layout analysis (PLA) approach. The ACR technique is used to obtain the optimal number of colors. Then, the image is split to separable binary images, each one corresponding to every principal color. The PLA technique is applied independently to each one of the color planes and identifies the text regions. A merging procedure is applied in the final stage to merge the text regions derived from the color planes and to produce the final document.

Abstract: Oral Presentations.- Using the Vector Distance Functions to Evolve Manifolds of Arbitrary Codimension.- Computing Optic Flow by Scale-Space Integration of Normal Flow.- Image Registration, Optical Flow, and Local Rigidity.- What Do Features Tell about Images?.- Features in Scale Space: Progress on the 2D 2nd Order Jet.- Tracking of Multi-state Hand Models Using Particle Filtering and a Hierarchy of Multi-scale Image Features?.- A Note on Two Classical Shock Filters and Their Asymptotics.- Bayesian Object Detection through Level Curves Selection.- A Multi-scale Feature Likelihood Map for Direct Evaluation of Object Hypotheses?.- Total Variation Based Oversampling of Noisy Images.- Down-Scaling for Better Transform Compression.- Algebraic and PDE Approaches for Multiscale Image Operators with Global Constraints: Reference Semilattice Erosions and Levelings.- Adjunctions in Pyramids and Curve Evolution.- Hierarchies of Partitions and Morphological Segmentation.- On the Behavior of Spatial Critical Points under Gaussian Blurring A Folklore Theorem and Scale-Space Constraints.- Scale-Space Theories for Scalar and Vector Images.- Gaussian Convolutions Numerical Approximations Based on Interpolation.- Scale-Spaces, PDE's, and Scale-Invariance.- Poster Presentations.- Generic Multi-scale Segmentation and Curve Approximation Method.- Segmentation of Shapes?.- The Influence of the ?-Parameter on Feature Detection with Automatic Scale Selection.- Scale-Time Kernels and Models.- Exploring Non-linear Difusion: The Difusion Echo.- Bilateral Filtering and Anisotropic Difusion: Towards a Unified Viewpoint.- An Accurate Operator Splitting Scheme for Nonlinear Difusion Filtering.- Selection of Optimal Stopping Time for Nonlinear Difusion Filtering.- Complex Difusion Processes for Image Filtering.- Combing a Porcupine via Stereographic Direction Difusion.- Inverse Scale Space Theory for Inverse Problems.- Histograms of Infinitesimal Neighbourhoods.- Indentation and Protrusion Detection and Its Applications.- Geodesic Active Contours Applied to Texture Feature Space.- Color Differential Structure.- Geometry Motivated Variational Segmentation for Color Images.- Hierarchical Segmentation Using Dynamics of Multiscale Color Gradient Watersheds.- Fast Statistical Level Sets Image Segmentation for Biomedical Applications.- Robust Multi-scale Non-rigid Registration of 3D Ultrasound Images.- Segmentation-Free Estimation of Length Distributions Using Sieves and RIA Morphology.- Morphological Tools for Robust Key-Region Extraction and Video Shot Modeling?.- Polyhedral Set Operations for 3D Discrete Object Deformation.- Inverse Quantization of Digital Binary Images for Resolution Conversion.

Abstract: An micro display projection system having electronically controlled color switches comprises: an image producing part for producing images to be projected under electronic control so as to generate an electrical signal having an image signal; an illumination part constructed to illuminate light on the image producing part; a color division part constructed with semitransparent reflection mirrors for transmitting lights of respective red (R), green (G) and blue (B) colors derived from the illuminated light; a color switching part constructed with plural color switches disposed on the respective light paths from the respective reflection mirrors, each color switch being divided into a light stopper region and a light transmission region to project the light on the region for transmitting the respective R, G and B colors separated in the color division part, and a light collecting part disposed adjacent to the color switching part for converging the colors on the image producing part to illuminate the respective colors on the regions of the image producing part. The image display projection system according to the present invention eliminates the “color break phenomena” caused by alternative illumination of the R, G and B colors, obtains the same brightness as that of the existing three-panel image display projection system, and reduces manufacturing cost by simplifying the manufacture and control of the color switches.

Abstract: The device has a print head(s) with more than 3 primary colors or inkjet colors spanning a color space, a computer for computing color coordinates in the color space, a device for determining colors or mixtures or especially densities to use to represent color values, a threshold device, a device that determines if a certain color set requires a large or small quantity of ink and a print head controller that controls the print head accordingly. The device has at least one print head (32) with more than 3 primary colors or inkjet colors spanning a color space, a computer (14) for computing color coordinates in the color space, a device (16) for determining the colors or mixtures or especially their densities to use to represent color values of image data, a threshold device (20), a device (34) that determines whether a certain color set requires a large for mall quantity of ink and a print head controller (30) that controls the print head accordingly. AN Independent claim is also included for the following: a method of controlling an inventive device.

Abstract: Color histogram is widely used in image retrieval due to its simplicity and fast operation sped. Since color histogram describes only global color distribution in an image, it is not robust to large changes in appearance and shape caused by viewing position, camera zoom, etc. To overcome this problem, we propose the method using the color edge information. Although changes in appearance and shape happen, the pair of colors on the color edge does not change. So we use the global distribution of pairs of colors on the color edge pixel to cope with large appearance change. In the proposed method, color edge detection based on vector angle is performed to classify the pixels of image into smooth and edge pixels. For edge pixel, the global distribution of pairs of colors around the edge is represented by 36 non-uniform colors. In the smooth compressed by DCT. Joint histogram of compressed the 2D chromaticity histogram and the global distribution of pairs of colors is very robust to large appearance changes.

Abstract: Recent studies based on line indices of nearby early-type galaxies suggest that stars in the galaxies' inner part may be younger and more metal-rich than stars in the outer part. If confirmed, the finding has a profound implication for the formation and evolution of early-type galaxies, since such age gradients naturally arise if merging played an important role in their formation/evolution. As an independent test for the existence of the age gradient, we investigate the optical-near-infrared color gradients of six field early-type galaxies at z 0.4-1.0, where the age gradient is expected to be detectable when combined with z = 0 calibrations. By utilizing Hubble Space Telescope Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer H-band imaging along with Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 optical data, we obtain a broad-wavelength baseline, giving results that are sensitive to the expected age gradient. When compared with simple model predictions, five of the objects show negligible age gradients and are metallicity gradient dominated, while the remaining object shows a color gradient consistent with the age + metallicity gradient picture. Our results suggest that stars within early-type galaxies may be coeval at z ~ 1, but sprinkling of young stars might have occurred at z < 1.