TL;DR: It is demonstrated that yellow pitfall traps are a useful alternative to transect walks for butterfly recording in tundra habitats and the duration of the butterfly flight season was significantly positively related to the temporal overlap with floral resources in both butterfly species.
Abstract: Current global warming is particularly pronounced in the Arctic and arthropods are expected to respond rapidly to these changes. Long-term studies of individual arthropod species from the Arctic are, however, virtually absent. We examined butterfly specimens collected from yellow pitfall traps over 14 years (1996-2009) at Zackenberg in high-arctic, north-east Greenland. Specimens were previously sorted to the family level. We identified them to the species level and examined long-term species-specific phenological responses to recent summer warming. Two species were rare in the samples (Polaris fritillary Bolo- ria polaris and Arctic blue Plebejus glandon) and statistical analyses of phenological responses were therefore restricted to the two most abundant species (Arctic fritillary, B. chariclea and Northern clouded yellow Colias hecla). Our analyses demonstrated a trend towards earlier flight seasons in B. chariclea, but not in C. hecla. The timing of onset, peak and end of the flight season in B. chariclea were closely related to snowmelt, July temperature and their interaction, whereas onset, peak and end of the flight season in C. hecla were only related to timing of snowmelt. The duration of the butterfly flight season was significantly positively related to the temporal overlap with floral resources in both butterfly species. We further demonstrate that yellow pitfall traps are a useful alternative to transect walks for butterfly recording in tundra habitats. More phenological studies of Arctic arthropods should be carried out at the species level and ideally be analysed in context with interacting species to assess how ongoing cli- mate change will affect Arctic biodiversity in the near future (Current Zoology 60 (2): 243-251, 2014).
TL;DR: A new species, Colias johanseni, was described in this paper, which has male androconia similar to Colias meadii Edwards, 1871 and many palaearctic, neotropical, and ethiopian species, but the wing pattern is generally similar to that of Colias hecla Lefebvre, 1836.
Abstract: A new species, Colias johanseni, is described. This species has male androconia similar to Colias meadii Edwards, 1871, and many palaearctic, neotropical, and ethiopian species, but the wing pattern is generally similar to that of Colias hecla Lefebvre, 1836. Thus far, it has been found only on dry tundra at Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Canada.
TL;DR: The identification of central Arctic Colias ‘hecla’ specimens is critically re-examined, revealing that two phenotypes, corresponding to C. rankinensis and C. hecla Lefèbvre, occur sympatrically in the central Arctic.
Abstract: The recent discovery of a new Colias species from the central Arctic of Canada, a region with a relatively small, well-studied butterfly fauna, has remained relatively unknown among North American lepidopterists The status of this species, C rankinensis Verhulst, as a species distinct from other Arctic Colias has also been treated with skepticism Colias rankinensis was documented from only a single locality globally, from a region where thousands of Colias specimens were collected during the Canadian Northern Insect Survey in the 1950s, as well as later in the 1980s Many of these specimens were subsequently examined during the course of revisionary work on the genus Colias in the 1980s In light of the discovery of C rankinensis, the identification of central Arctic Colias ‘hecla’ specimens is critically re-examined, revealing that two phenotypes, corresponding to C rankinensis and C hecla Lefebvre, occur sympatrically in the central Arctic A differential diagnosis, adult illustrations and distribution map of C rankinensis is provided, and the taxonomies of C hecla taxa are reviewed