Closed platform

Abstract: High demands regarding the variability of automation software motivate organizations to automate the configuration process. In practice, this often leads to the development of custom configuration tools designed specifically for configuring the automation software they were developed for. This approach works well as long as both, the development of the software and the configurator are under the full control of the organization. However, software platforms are increasingly open, i.e., key customers add capabilities and thereby change the platform's variability. Often, these customers create a new platform themselves, which they offer to their customers. Moving from a closed platform to a software ecosystem means that development and variability management happen at multiple layers involving multiple teams with different backgrounds. This poses new requirements regarding the flexibility of configuration tools. In this paper, we report experiences and issues with a custom-developed configurator currently in use in an industrial automation software ecosystem. We describe how a model-based tool can be applied to address these issues and provide a scenario-based comparison of the custom-developed solution and the model-based configurator.

Abstract: An online marketplace portal enables the exchange of content and payments for content between content publishers and content creators, such as organizations and professional freelancers, respectively. The online portal allows publishers and creators to exchange exclusive content concepts and completed works through a closed platform. Users can negotiate terms relating to access and rights to publish content, manage distribution of content, and process payment through the online portal. Content publishers can use the online marketplace portal to purchase syndicated content and manage relationships with freelancers.

Abstract: A rapid growth of the mobile app market has been identified as a key driver of the successful proliferation of the mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet devices. In this paper, we identify the success factors that contribute to the sales of mobile apps, grounded on the word-of-mouth literature. While open innovation is generally accepted as an effective solution for traditional goods development, the optimal platform choice for app development is not yet justified. Given this controversy, we examine the optimal platform choice for app development from a consumer’s perspective. Our findings indicate that closed platform outperforms open platform in the mobile app market. Interestingly, the interaction effect turns to be significant, meaning that the impact of online rating on app sales is greater under open environment than under closed environment. This implies that consumers depend on ratings more heavily when search cost is higher in the open environment under which apps are published without going through screening.

Abstract: 본 연구는 글로벌 전자책 플랫폼의 부상 과정과 유형을 구글, 아마존, 애플에 대한 사례연구방법(case study method)으로 분석하였다. 글로벌 전자책 플랫폼들은 급격히 변화되는 디지털 기술 환경과 각자의 주어진 적합도 지형(fitness landscape)에 적응하는 과정을 뚜렷이 보여주고 있다. 적응과 진화 과정에서 결정적인 요인이 된 것은 고유한 선택 범주(distinct selection criteria), 자원 풍요도(degree of resource abundance), 개방적 혁신에 기반한 탐색 과정(search process)이다. 이 요인들을 기반으로 글로벌 전자책 플랫폼들은 종분화(種分化, speciation) 과정에서 니치(niche)를 창출하였으며, 초기 조건(initial condition)인 핵심 자원(key resource)에 따라 경로 의존적으로 진화하였다. 각각의 전자책 플랫폼들은 오픈 플랫폼(open platform)과 하이브리드 플랫폼(hybrid platform), 그리고 클로우즈드 플랫폼(closed platform)으로 진화하였다. 구글 이북(eBook)은 안드로이드 기반의 다양한 단말기를 통해 주체들이 직접 운영하며 참여하는 개방성과 확장성을 특징으로 하며, 아마존 킨들(Kindle)은 온라인 대형 서점에서 확장되어 단말기와 유무선 모바일 네트워크까지 아우르며 개방성과 폐쇄성을 동시에 지닌 플랫폼으로 성장하고 있다. 또한 아이북스 스토어(iBooks Store)는 아이폰과 아이패드 등 하드웨어 경쟁력과 폐쇄성 기반의 에이전시 모형으로 진화하고 있다. 【Based on the case study methods, the study analyzes emergence and ensuing typology of global ebook platforms such as Google eBook, Amazon Kindle, iBooks Store. Global ebook platforms show adaptation process responding to rapidly changing digital technological envirment and it's fitness landscape. The critical elements in its emerging process are the distinct selection criteria, the degree of resource abundance and the search process based on open innovation. Based on these critical elements, the global platforms show speciation process, so called niche creation and are evolving into a variety of the typology based on the initial condition of key resource which makes the platform emerge and grow. Each global ebook platforms is evolving into open platform, hybrid platform, closed platform. Google eBook has openness and extensibility due to a variety of devices based on Android and a direct involvement of actors. Amazon Kindle has developed from a online bookstore and into the hybrid platform which have not only closed quality but also openness with ebook devices and mobile network. iBooks Store has developed into the closed platform through the agency model based on competitive hardwares and closed quality with iphone and ipad.】