TL;DR: For example, this article found that the ability to grasp musical patterns of three or more notes at a glance is essential to rapid, accurate reading; reading difficulties are increased by the addition of accidentals and altered chords; and most subjects committed more errors when reading bass clef than when reading treble clef.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide an analysis of errors performed on a sight-reading test administered to four college freshman piano classes at the er,d of their first semester of instruction.1 Bean was one of the first investigators to test the subjects' ability to sightread musical examples exposed tllrough the shutter of the tachistoscope.9 His subject population consisted of twenty-eight men, nineteen women, and three children aged ten and eleven years. Their familiarity with music reading ranged from none to many years of professional experience. The musical examples ranged from simple melodies and four-note chords in one clef to contrapuntal excerpts using both clefs. Evaluating the performances of his subjects on the bases of note accuracy, tempo consistency, and rhythmic accuracy, Bean concluded that the ability to grasp musical patterns of three or more notes at a glance is essential to rapid, accurate reading; that reading difficulties are increased by the addition of accidentals and altered chords; and that most subjects committed more errors when reading bass clef than when reading treble clef. A study by Jacobsen was one of the first to measure and photograph eye movements during the sight-reading process.3 Jacobsen's