TL;DR: Bayesian analysis of the chloroplast‐encoded LSU RUBISCO (rbcL) gene showed that the Udoteaceae is paraphyletic, which groups with species of the calcified Udoteacean genera Penicillus, Rhipocephalus, Udotea, and Halimeda.
Abstract: The placement of Avrainvillea and Cladocephalus in the family Udoteaceae (order Bryopsidales) has been questioned on the basis of nuclear, plastid, and other ultrastructural characteristics unique to these genera. Bayesian analysis of the chloroplast-encoded LSU RUBISCO (rbcL) gene showed that the Udoteaceae is paraphyletic. Cladocephalus luteofuscus (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) Borgesen, Avrainvillea nigricans f. floridana D. Littler et Littler, and A. mazei G. Murray et Boodle form a clade with the freshwater alga Dichotomosiphon tuberosus (A. Braun ex Kutz.) A. Ernst that is basal to a clade that includes other members of the Udoteaceae, the Halimedaceae, and the Caulerpaceae. The noncalcified species Boodleopsis pusilla (Collins) W. R. Taylor, A. B. Joly et Bernat. groups with species of the calcified Udoteacean genera Penicillus, Rhipocephalus, Udotea, and Halimeda.
TL;DR: Molecular evidence shows that Halymenia pseudofloresii, a species with its type locality in Bermuda, is sister to Haly meniales, the generitype, in the present analysis, and molecular data establish that H. pseudof loresii has a broad range of morphological variation encompassing that displayed by true H. floresii and bringing into question reports of the latter from Bermudian waters.
Abstract: This paper contains the first reports of Veleroa magneana in the Atlantic Ocean, Chylocladia schneideri outside of its type locality in Puerto Rico, and Verdigellas peltata and Cladocephalus luteofuscus from shallow water. Also reported are new northern limits of distribution for Chondria leptacremon, Dasya antillarum, Laurencia caraibica, Lomentaria corallicola, Myriogramme prostrata and Udotea caribaea as well as the first four mentioned. Fertile gametophytes are documented for Ptilothamnion speluncarum for the first time from the type locality. Molecular evidence shows that Halymenia pseudofloresii, a species with its type locality in Bermuda, is sister to Halymenia floresii, the generitype, in the present analysis. More critically, molecular data establish that H. pseudofloresii has a broad range of morphological variation encompassing that displayed by true H. floresii and bringing into question reports of the latter from Bermudian waters.