Abstract: Scholars and activists have hotly debated the relationship between social media and social movement activity during the current global cycle of protest. This article investigates media practices in the Occupy movement and develops the concept of social movement media cultures: the set of tools, skills, social practices and norms that movement participants deploy to create, circulate, curate and amplify movement media across all available platforms. The article posits three key areas of inquiry into social movement media cultures, and explores them through the lens of the Occupy movement: (1) What media platforms, tools and skills are used most widely by movement participants? (Practices); (2) What role do experienced practitioners play in movement media practices? (Expertise); and (3) In what ways does the movement media culture lean toward open or participatory, and in what ways toward closed or top–down? (Open/Closed). Insight into the media culture of the Occupy movement is based on mixed qualitative a...

Abstract: Debates over the role and relevance of what has been described as citizen journalism have existed at least since the late 1990s; positions have ranged from the fulsome dismissal of such bottom-up journalism activities (and indeed, almost all user-led content creation) as being part of a new "cult ofthe amateur" (Keen, 2007) to nearly equally simplistic perspectives which predicted citizen journalists would replace the mainstream journalism industry within a short timeframe. A more considered, more realistic perspective would take a somewhat more moderate view. Aided by circumstances including the long-term financial crisis enveloping journalism industries in many developed nations, the creeping corporatization and politicization of journalistic activities in democratic and non-democratic countries alike, and the largely unmet challenge of new, Internet-based media fonns, citizen journalism (as well as other parajournalistic media, including TV comedy such as The Daily Show) has been able to make credible inroads into what used to be the domain of journalism proper.

Abstract: The living lab concept seems appropriate to study the design and evaluation of innovative services that enrich everyday life. This article elaborates on “living methodologies”, methods and tools necessary in "living labbing". Living methodologies address the social dynamics of everyday life that are essential for understanding living labs, not only conceptually, but also as mature methodologies for fostering innovation in real-life contexts. We report on three cases from Rotterdam in the Netherlands, where "living labbing" was used to enable citizens to co-develop their city. These cases utilized visual ethnography as a research method and prototyping and co-creating as design tools. The cases not only inspire citizen participation, but also inform social innovation and city’s policymaking. The user-driven approach, do-it-yourself mindset, and the participatory character perfectly fit with the down-to-earth attitude of Rotterdam residents. Living in cities is an art, and we need the vocabulary of art, of style, to describe the peculiar relationship between man and material that exists in the continual creative play of urban living. The city as we imagine it, then, soft city of illusion, myth, aspiration, and nightmare, is as real, maybe more real, than the hard city one can locate on maps in statistics, in monographs on urban sociology and demography and architecture. Jonathan Raban Novelist and travel writer

Abstract: Rural communities in India are often underserved by the mainstream media. While there is a public discourse surrounding the issues they face, this dialogue typically takes place on television, in newspaper editorials, and on the Internet. Unfortunately, participation in such forums is limited to the most privileged members of society, excluding those individuals who have the largest stake in the conversation. This paper examines an effort to foster a more inclusive dialogue by means of a simple technology: an interactive voice forum. Called CGNet Swara, the system enables callers to record messages of local interest, and listen to messages that others have recorded. Messages are also posted on the Internet, as a supplement to an existing discussion forum. In the first 21 months of its deployment in India, CGNet Swara has logged over 70,000 phone calls and released 1,100 messages. To understand the emergent practices surrounding this system, we conduct interviews with 42 diverse stakeholders, including callers, bureaucrats, and members of the media. Our analysis contributes to the understanding of voice-based media as a vehicle for social inclusion in remote and underprivileged populations.

Abstract: When does a science topic become a topic in journalism? Whereas for other fields of (especially political) journalism several news factors have been identified as key factors in the selection process of the mass media, it is unclear to what extend these factors are applicable to selection processes in science journalism. This chapter analyses issue selection processes of science topics from a practitioner’s point of view and from the perspective of the general theory of news values as a starting point. The catalogue of news factors used by the general theory is adapted with regard to some identified specialities in science reporting. This adapted catalogue is tested qualitatively by guided interviews with leading science editors and quantitatively by a content analysis of major German broadsheets. Our results clearly indicate that a certain adaption of the classical approach is reasonable to improve the description of selection processes for science news. Some of our conclusions also raise the general question in how far the classical news theory is still up to date in the fast changing crossmedia world of journalism.

Abstract: The Pursuit of Public Journalism is an engaging introduction to the theoretical foundations and practices of the journalistic reform movement known as 'public journalism.' Public journalism - stated briefly - seeks to reinvest journalism with its fundamental responsibilities to democracy and public life. This book argues against many deeply ingrained practices ranging from journalistic detachment to framing stories via polar conflict in favor of greater civic involvement on the part of journalists. Tanni Haas traces the historical context in which public journalism emerged, develops a philosophy for public journalism, reviews empirical research on public journalism’s performance to date and responds to the major criticisms directed at public journalism. He also examines the particular challenges that public journalism poses to curriculum and instruction: how can journalism educators teach students to write stories useful and of concern to citizens, and how can they encourage citizens to publicly criticize news coverage of given topics? Following review of the major challenges and criticisms of public journalism, the author offers practical solutions for improving public journalism and speculates on public journalism’s likely future.

Abstract: Participatory Journalism: guarding open gates at online newspapers Jane B. Singer, David Domingo, Ari Heinonen, Alfred Hermida, Steve Paulussen, Thorsten Quandt, Zvi Reich and Marina Vujnovic Chich...

Abstract: Expanding peace journalism: comparative and critical approaches draws together cutting-edge contributions from 17 international writers to this rapidly emerging field of research. Media coverage of conflicts is propagandistic and commonly portrays two elite actors contesting a single goal of 'victory'. This major new text explores and interrogates peace journalism as a significant challenge to this hegemonic discourse, which has been advocated and elaborated over the recent years in journalism, media development and academic spheres.

Abstract: This essay argues that lifestyle journalism, which is often considered trivial, should be analyzed for its public potential. I delineate how lifestyle journalism's dimensions of review, advice, and commercialism can be transformed into strategies for research that probe the social, cultural and economic context of this media output. Then I discuss how its discourse is worth analyzing for its ideological connection. John Fiske's ideas on “popular news” and Irene Costera Meijer's concept of “public quality” are presented as guidelines for interrogating the public relevance of this type of journalism. Findings from studies on the globalization discourse in travel journalism and music journalism are used to exemplify this research framework.

Abstract: Computational journalism involves the application of software and technologies to the activities of journalism, and it draws from the fields of computer science, the social sciences, and media and communications. New technologies may enhance the traditional aims of journalism, or may initiate greater interaction between journalists and information and communication technology (ICT) specialists. The enhanced use of computing in news production is related in particular to three factors: larger government data sets becoming more widely available; the increasingly sophisticated and ubiquitous nature of software; and the developing digital economy. Drawing upon international examples, this paper argues that computational journalism techniques may provide new foundations for original investigative journalism and increase the scope for new forms of interaction with readers. Computer journalism provides a major opportunity to enhance the delivery of original investigative journalism, and to attract and retain readers online.

Abstract: Stuart Allan sallan@bournemouth.ac.uk Bournemouth University Abstract This article offers a case study of citizen journalism in the network society. Manuel Castells’ (2007) discussion of ‘mass self-communication’ informs its examination of the spontaneous actions of ordinary people compelled to adopt the role of a journalist in order to bear witness to what was happening during the London bombings of July 2005. Identified and critiqued are a number of the ways in which the social phenomenon of citizen journalism registered its public significance. Specifically singled out for analysis is how the eyewitness reporting of ordinary Londoners caught up in the explosions, recast the conventions of the mainstream news coverage. This process was made possible via their use of digital technologies to bring to bear alternative information, perspectives and ideological critique in a time of national crisis.

Abstract: Twitter has developed an increasingly visible presence in Australian journalism, and in the discussion of news. This article examines the positioning of journalists as 'personal brands' on Twitter by documenting the visibility of leading personal and institutional accounts during two major political events in Australia: the Rudd/ Gillard leadership spill on 23 June 2010, and the day of the subsequent federal election on 21 August 2010. It highlights the fact that in third-party networks such as Twitter, journalists and news organisations no longer operate solely on their own terms, as they do on their own websites, but gain and maintain prominence in the network and reach for their messages only in concert with other users. It places these observations in a wider context of journalist-audience relations a decade after the emergence of the first citizen journalism websites.

Abstract: This essay analyzes the engagement of Arab feminist activisms online, most notably during the citizen revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, and, specifically, women’s use of online social networking to aid social change. Building on research examining how Arab activists and activist organizations, including feminist organizations, mobilize, produce knowledge, and develop and share resources online and, in particular, drawing from research on Arab activisms and social media this study aims to understand how online activist discourses function, both locally and globally. To do so, we utilize a schema of information production and consumption devised to analyze activist engagement and citizen journalism, particularly the negotiation of communication messages by various agents through multiple stages of transmission and dissemination (Newsom, Lengel, & Cassara, C, 2011). We look at the ideal of local knowledge as it is transformed into global knowledge, and how the messages are open to manipulation and bias through the various stages of mediation and gatekeeping cited in the framework. Through the application of this framework, we can see how gendered messages are constructed, essentialized, reconstructed, and made invisible by the consumer media system.

Abstract: This comparative study of user-generated content (UGC) in 10 Western democracies examines the political economic aspects of citizen participation in online media, as assessed by journalists who work with this content. Drawing on interviews with more than 60 journalists, we explore their perceived economic motivations for an ongoing redefinition of traditional journalistic roles, as UGC becomes an increasingly dominant feature of news websites.

Abstract: Although no scholarly consensus exists on the issue, the claim that a substantive reconfiguration of the Internet has occurred in the beginning of the 2000s has settled firmly in public common sense. The label tentatively chosen for the new turn in the medium’s evolution is Web 2.0. The developments constituting this turn have been contemplated from different perspectives in technical and business publications (O’Reilly 2005), in treatises on “convergence” or “participatory” culture (Jenkins 2006; Jenkins et al. 2009), and could be usefully interrogated by means of political economy concepts such as the “social factory” and “free labor” (Terranova 2004). Marked, or rather symbolically constructed, by these discursive pickets lies a field of practice that the members of the participatory culture, the “produsers” (Bruns 2008) of open journalism, blogs, social networking sites and other characteristic Web 2.0 applications inhabit and animate with their everyday thought, decision making and action. This paper undertakes a theoretical exploration of the user practices emerging and consolidating around the new technological and organizational models making up Web 2.0. It is informed by a qualitative study of bloggers and Facebook users conducted through focus group methodology, although the concrete empirical data are not presented here. Rather, the analysis employs the concept of “technologies of the self” by Foucault (1988) as a heuristic device in order to situate Web 2.0 use, first, in a long history of culturally evolved forms of self-constitution and, second, in a complex matrix of relationships with other types of technologies, namely, those of production, sign systems and power. This conceptual choice, we argue, furnishes a study of Web 2.0 use, which holds in balance its liberatory potential and its susceptibility to new forms of domination, rationalization and commodification.

Abstract: Journalism Studies: The Basics provides an introductory overview of the emerging field of Journalism Studies, discussing key issues and contemporary debates. Drawing on Conboy’s extensive experience in the field, the changing nature of journalism and its future directions are addressed, through chapters covering: the history and development of Journalism Studies how journalists are created through training and education changing research methods and processes in journalism the impact of the ‘end product’ in wider society global perspectives on journalism technology and the future of the discipline. Situated within a fast growing and dynamic field of study, this engaging introduction will be valuable reading for students of journalism, media and communication, along with those seeking to develop a broader understanding of contemporary journalism.

Abstract: How is 'participation' ascribed meaning and practiced in science and environment communication? And how are citizen voices articulated, invoked, heard, marginalized or silenced in those processes?Citizen Voicestakes its starting point in the so-called dialogic or participatory turn in scientific and environmental governance in which practices claiming to be based on principles of participation, dialogue and citizen involvement have proliferated. The book goes beyond the buzzword of 'participation' in order to give empirically rich, theoretically informed and critical accounts of how citizen participation is understood and enacted in mass mediation and public engagement practices. A diverse series of studies across Europe and the US are presented, providing readers with empirical insights into the articulation of citizen voices in different national, cultural and institutional contexts. Building bridges across media and communication studies, science and technology studies, environmental studies and urban planning studies,Citizen Voicesalso offers a range of different theories and research methodologies which foreground the role of communication processes in scientific and environmental governance.

Abstract: This article examines what kind of interactive features are available on the websites of Swedish newspapers, and what factors seem to influence the utilization of those features. Using Chung’s typo ...

Abstract: The advent of participatory web has enabled information consumers to become information producers via social media. This phenomenon has attracted researchers of different disciplines including social scientists, political parties, and market researchers to study social media as a source of data to explain human behavior in the physical world. Could the traditional approaches of studying social behaviors such as surveys be complemented by computational studies that use massive user-generated data in social media? In this paper, using a large amount of data collected from Twitter, the blogosphere, social networks, and news sources, we perform preliminary research to investigate if human behavior in the real world can be understood by analyzing social media data. The goals of this research is twofold: (1) determining the relative effectiveness of a social media lens in analyzing and predicting real-world collective behavior, and (2) exploring the domains and situations under which social media can be a predictor for real-world's behavior. We develop a four-step model: community selection, data collection, online behavior analysis, and behavior prediction. The results of this study show that in most cases social media is a good tool for estimating attitudes and further research is needed for predicting social behavior.

Abstract: Global Literary Journalism: Exploring the Journalistic Imagination (Peter Lang, of New York) brings together the writings of 22 academics focusing on literary journalism in a wide range of countries and regions including Canada, Finland, India, Ireland, Poland, Sweden, Latin America, the UK, the United States and the Middle East. The University of Lincoln is well represented: Jane Chapman, Professor of Communications, focuses on the journalism of Arundhati Roy, Rupert Hildyard, Principal Lecturer in English, writes on John Lanchester, Nick Nuttall examines the gonzo writings of Hunter S. Thompson, PhD student Florian Zollmann delves into the John Pilger archives, while another PhD student, Anna Hoyles, explores the early journalism of Moa Martinson. Rod Whiting looks critically at Ernest Hemingway’s career as a journalist – while John Tulloch’s chapter on Gordon Burn is titled ‘Journalism as a Novel: The Novel as Journalism’ and Richard Keeble writes on the war reporting of the Independent’s award-winning Robert Fisk. The final chapter, by Susan Greenberg, of Roehampton University, and titled ‘Slow Journalism in the Digital Fast Lane’ examines literary journalism in the age of the internet.

Abstract: This paper describes an explorative study with an open-ended play environment. An initial interactive design, called FlowSteps, was developed for children aged 7-8 years old. This design was aimed at supporting the playful experiences of curiosity, exploration, challenge, fellowship and competition during three different stages of play: invitation, exploration and immersion. FlowSteps was evaluated with twenty children playing in pairs with the design. Results show evidence of the playful experiences supported by a variety of design elements over the three stages of play. We propose that these insights can help the development of playful, interactive designs for open-ended play. Play is an important aspect of children's lives. It helps children in practicing new skills and exploring imaginary worlds (Acuff & Reiher 1997). Within play, a temporary world can be created with dynamic boundaries and rules (Huizinga 1955). Our research focuses on supporting social and physical play by offering children open-ended play designs that challenge them to come up with their own games (Bekker et al. 2010). This paper explores how to design for playful experiences within an open-ended play environment. When designing for open-ended play, we actually design for an experience. Korhonen et al. (2009) have identified twenty playful experiences based on literature study and empirical research with videogames. The aim of these playful experiences is to support development of more playful interactive designs. Additional research is needed to understand how to apply the playful experiences in the design process. In his work on interactivity and play, Polaine (2010) describes the experience of interaction as a process that goes through several stages, based on the four modes of interactivity (Salen & Zimmerman 2003). The experience starts with an invitation to play (first mentioned in Pesce 1996). In this 'invitation stage', the potential player is attracted to the play design by sight, sound or smell senses from a distance. Next, the player explores opportunities for interaction and play in the 'exploration stage', wanting to understand aspects such as rules and affordances. This stage leads to the actual play experience: the 'immersion stage'. The fourth stage of participatory interaction, such as social networking and presence technologies, is outside the scope of our project. Our design research examines how to design for these different stages of play and how the playful experiences can be supported in each of these stages. This paper describes an explorative study with a first design prototype, called FlowSteps, intended for children aged 7-8 years old. We address two research questions. We explore (1) how to design for the playful experiences of curiosity, exploration, challenge, fellowship and competition (2) for three different stages of play: invitation, exploration and immersion. The structure of this paper is as follows. First, we describe related work in play research. We continue with a description of our concept FlowSteps and how this relates to the playful experiences and stages of play. Thirdly, the set-up and methodology of our explorative study is discussed. We present the results of this study from the perspectives of game play, playful experiences and stages of play. We conclude this paper with a discussion.

Abstract: Local manifestations of Occupy Wall Street (OWS) have emerged around the world with enthusiasm for the participatory style used in Zuccotti Park (New York). However, less attention has been paid to earlier lessons about the limits of these techniques for building diverse and sustainable movements. Much of the discussion in the USA ignores how OWS is connected to the long-term and global struggle against corporate-led globalization. Also, models of consensus practiced in many OWS sites have become reified to the verge of fetishization. Activists in the USA have yet to effectively incorporate many lessons from global justice activism including the need for a global analysis and strategy as well as greater sensitivity to how consensus practices can exclude people most harmed by the structures the movement opposes. This study draws from our involvement in Occupy Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) and in the US Social Forum and World Social Forum (WSF) to compare the participatory democratic practices in each setting a...

Abstract: From the social media-based 2008 Obama election campaign to the civic protest and political revolutions of the 2011 Arab Spring, the past few years have been marked by a widespread and complex shift in the political landscape, as the rise of participatory platforms - such as YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, and blogs - have multiplied the venues for political communication and activism. This book explores the emergence of a permanent campaign - the need for constant readiness - on networked communication platforms, focusing on political moments, crises and elections in Canada, the U.S.A., and Australia. The book chapters investigate the proliferation of new political actors and communicators: political bloggers, advocacy groups, diverse publics, and political party staff as they engage in political maneuvers across participatory platforms. With in-depth analyses of some of the most well-known participatory media today, this book offers a critical assessment of the constant efforts at managing the plurality of voices that characterize contemporary politics.

Abstract: Beginning with a theoretical discussion of race, sport and media, this book critically examines issues of race, racism and sports journalism and offers practical advice on sports reporting, including a discussion of guidelines for ethical journalism. In a series of case studies, representations of race will be explored through historical and contemporary analysis of international media coverage, including online and digital platforms. The background and impacts of these representations will also be discussed through interviews with athletes and sports journalists. Subjects covered include: cricket in the UK, Australian and Asian media, with particular focus on Pakistan athletics and media representations of athletes, including a study of the reporting of South African runner Caster Semenya football and the under-representation of British-Asians, with an analysis of how race is constructed in the digital arena boxing with particular reference to Muhammad Ali, America and Islam Formula One and analysis of the media reporting, international spectator response and racism towards Lewis Hamilton, described in the media as the first black driver. Finally, the book will analyse the make-up of sports journalism, examining the causes and consequences of a lack of diversity within the profession.

Abstract: This article contributes to research on the sociology of scandal and the role of national newspapers and, more particularly, newspaper editorials in setting the agenda for public debate around police accountability and miscarriages of justice. In previous work, we analysed how citizen journalism framed news coverage of the policing of the G20 Summit, London 2009, and the death of Ian Tomlinson (Greer and McLaughlin 2010). In this article, we consider the next stage of the Ian Tomlinson case. Our empirical focus is the controversy surrounding the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) decision not to prosecute the police officer filmed striking Tomlinson shortly before he collapsed and died. We illustrate how the press's relentless agenda-setting around ‘institutional failure’, initially targeted at the Metropolitan Police Service, expanded to implicate a network of criminal justice institutions. The Tomlinson case offers insights into the shifting nature of contemporary relations between the British press and institutional power. It is a paradigmatic example of a politically ambitious form of ‘attack journalism’, the scope of which extends beyond the criminal justice system. In a volatile information-communications marketplace, journalistic distrust of institutional power is generating a ‘press politics of outrage’, characterized by ‘scandal amplification’.

Abstract: Journalism's transition from an industrial age to an information age and the unstable economics of profit-driven newsmaking have allowed for an unprecedented level of citizen input and involvement in the making of news. Here, new relationships between legacy and innovative newsmaking are forged and new models of newsmaking emerge. In this article, we discuss the case of The New Orleans Eye, an attempt at innovative newsmaking rooted in an individual citizen who started blogging in the wake of hurricane Katrina. The New Orleans Eye is a largely foundation-funded, non-profit online news organization composed of bloggers and former ink reporters, and has a unique relationship with the local Fox television station. We treat The New Orleans Eye as an example of a mixed-media system and discuss the tensions that emerge over innovative newsmaking within a context of a profit-driven legacy news industry and a neoliberal state.

Abstract: 1. Web 2.0 Technologies and Democratic Governance.- Section I: Government Policy and Uses of Web 2.0 for Management of Service Delivery.- 2. Information Policy and Social Media: Framing Government-Citizen Web 2.0 Interactions.- 3. Micro-blogging: An Analysis of Government Issued Policies and Best Practices.- 4. The Use of Web 2.0 to Transform Public Services Delivery: The Case of Spain.- 5. Towards a Gov 2.0 society for all: European strategies for public service delivery.- 6. A Viability Model for Digital Cities: Economic and Acceptability Factors.- Section II: Web 2.0 as Tools for Mobilization, Protests and Governance.- 7. Online Collective Action and the Role of Social Media in Mobilizing Opinions: A Case Study on Women's Right-to-Drive Campaigns in Saudi Arabia.- 8. Webmonitoring and Strategic Issue Management: Dutch student protests against the 1040-hour norm.- 9. Web 2.0 as a Technological Driver of Democratic, Transparent and Participatory Government .- 10. Emergent Networks of Topical Discourse: A Comparative Framing and Social Network Analysis of the Coffee Party and Tea Party Patriots Groups on Facebook.- 11. Whither E-Government? Web 2.0 and the Future of e-Government.- Section III: Effects of Web 2.0 on Political Campaigns and Participatory Democracy.- 12. Campaigns and Elections in a Web 2.0 World: Uses, Effects, and Implications for Democracy.- 13. Measuring the effects of Social Media Participation on political party communities.- 14. Social media for political campaigning. The Use of Twitter by Spanish mayors in 2011 local elections.- 15. Government-Citizen Interactions Using Web 2.0 Tools: The Case of Twitter in Mexico.- 16. Secrecy versus Openness: Democratic Adaptation in a Web 2.0 Era.- 17. Blending social media with parliamentary websites: just a trend, or a promising approach to e-participation?.

Abstract: ‘Disaster education’ is a new area of enquiry in the field of education. At present there are few texts which deal directly with public education for emergencies (Shaw, Shiwaku and Takeuchi, 2011 being a notable exception). However, the pedagogical space for preparing the public for disasters is extensive and includes not only school based initiatives and public information campaigns but also family and community learning, adult education and popular culture (what we might consider to be ‘public pedagogies’). Moreover, with technological developments such as social media, citizen journalism and blogging there are increasingly sophisticated ways through which citizens might source information about disasters.