Topic
Cingulate sulcus
About: Cingulate sulcus is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 177 publications have been published within this topic receiving 24501 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
TL;DR: The cingulate epilepsy syndrome provides important support of experimental animal and human functional imaging studies for the role of anterior cingulates cortex in movement, affect and social behaviours.
Abstract: Assessments of anterior cingulate cortex in experimental animals and humans have led to unifying theories of its structural organization and contributions to mammalian behaviour. The anterior cingulate cortex forms a large region around the rostrum of the corpus callosum that is termed the anterior executive region. This region has numerous projections into motor systems, however, since these projections originate from different parts of anterior cingulate cortex and because functional studies have shown that it does not have a uniform contribution to brain functions, the anterior executive region is further subdivided into ‘affect’ and ‘cognition’ components. The affect division includes areas 25, 33 and rostral area 24, and has extensive connections with the amygdala and periaqueductal grey, and parts of it project to autonomic brainstem motor nuclei. In addition to regulating autonomic and endocrine functions, it is involved in conditioned emotional learning, vocalizations associated with expressing internal states, assessments of motivational content and assigning emotional valence to internal and external stimuli, and maternal—infant interactions. The cognition division includes caudal areas 24' and 32', the cingulate motor areas in the cingulate sulcus and nociceptive cortex. The cingulate motor areas project to the spinal cord and red nucleus and have premotor functions, while the nociceptive area is engaged in both response selection and cognitively demanding information processing. The cingulate epilepsy syndrome provides important support of experimental animal and human functional imaging studies for the role of anterior cingulate cortex in movement, affect and social behaviours. Excessive cingulate activity in cases with seizures confirmed in anterior cingulate cortex with subdural electrode recordings, can impair consciousness, alter affective state and expression, and influence skeletomotor and autonomic activity. Interictally, patients with anterior cingulate cortex epilepsy often display psychopathic or sociopathic behaviours. In other clinical examples of elevated anterior cingulate cortex activity it may contribute to tics, obsessive—compulsive behaviours, and aberrent social behaviour. Conversely, reduced cingulate activity following infarcts or surgery can contribute to behavioural disorders including akinetic mutism, diminished self-awareness and depression, motor neglect and impaired motor initiation, reduced responses to pain, and aberrent social behaviour. The role of anterior cingulate cortex in pain responsiveness is suggested by cingulumotomy results and functional imaging studies during noxious somatic stimulation. The affect division of anterior cingulate cortex modulates autonomic activity and internal emotional responses, while the cognition division is engaged in response selection associated with skeletomotor activity and responses to noxious stimuli. Overall, anterior cingulate cortex appears to play a crucial role in initiation, motivation, and goal-directed behaviours. The anterior cingulate cortex is part of a larger matrix of structures that are engaged in similar functions. These structures form the rostral limbic system and include the amygdala, periaqueductal grey, ventral striatum, orbitofrontal and anterior insular cortices. The system formed by these interconnected areas assesses the motivational content of internal and external stimuli and regulates context-dependent behaviours.
3,489 citations
TL;DR: The analysis suggests that it is possible to identify at least four separate cortical areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere, which appear to be analogous to the pre-SMA, the SMA proper, and two of the cingulate motor areas of the monkey.
Abstract: Our goal in this review is to provide an anatomical framework for the analysis of the motor functions of the medial wall of the hemisphere in humans and laboratory primates. Converging evidence indicates that this region of the frontal lobe contains multiple areas involved in motor control. In the monkey, the medial wall contains four premotor areas that project directly to both the primary motor cortex and the spinal cord. These are the supplementary motor area (SMA) on the superior frontal gyrus and three motor areas buried within the cingulate sulcus. In addition, there is evidence that a fifth motor field, the pre-SMA, lies rostral to the SMA proper. Recent physiological observations provide evidence for functional differences among these motor fields. In the human, no consensus exists on the number of distinct motor fields on the medial wall. In this review, we summarize the results of positron emission tomography (PET) studies that examined functional activation on the medial wall of humans. Our analysis suggests that it is possible to identify at least four separate cortical areas on the medial wall. Each area appears to be relatively more involved in some aspects of motor behavior than others. These cortical areas in the human appear to be analogous to the pre-SMA, the SMA proper, and two of the cingulate motor areas of the monkey. We believe that these correspondences and the anatomical framework we describe will be important for unraveling the motor functions of the medial wall of the hemisphere.
1,743 citations
TL;DR: Observations indicate that a substantial component of the corticospinal system originates from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe, and raise serious questions about the utility of viewing the primary motor cortex as the “upper motoneuron” or “final common pathway” for the central control of movement.
Abstract: We determined the origin of corticospinal neurons in the frontal lobe These neurons were labeled by retrograde transport of tracers after injections into either the dorsolateral funiculus at the second cervical segment or the gray matter of the spinal cord throughout the cervical enlargement Using retrograde transport of tracer from the arm area of the primary motor cortex, we defined the arm representation in each premotor area in another set of animals We found that corticospinal projections to cervical segments of the spinal cord originate from the primary motor cortex and from the 6 premotor areas in the frontal lobe These are the same premotor areas that project directly to the arm area of the primary motor cortex The premotor areas are located in parts of cytoarchitectonic area 6 on the lateral surface and medial wall of the hemisphere, as well as in subfields of areas 23 and 24 in the cingulate sulcus The total number of corticospinal neurons in the arm representations of the premotor areas equals or exceeds the total number in the arm representation of the primary motor cortex The premotor areas collectively comprise more than 60% of the cortical area in the frontal lobe that projects to the spinal cord Like the primary motor cortex, each of the premotor areas contains local regions that have a high density of corticospinal neurons These observations indicate that a substantial component of the corticospinal system originates from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe Each of the premotor areas has direct access to the spinal cord, and as a consequence, each has the potential to influence the generation and control of movement independently of the primary motor cortex These findings raise serious questions about the utility of viewing the primary motor cortex as the “upper motoneuron” or “final common pathway” for the central control of movement
1,471 citations
TL;DR: The surface morphology and cytoarchitecture of human cingulate cortex was evaluated in the brains of 27 neurologically intact individuals to provide structural underpinnings for interpreting functional imaging studies of the human medial surface.
Abstract: The surface morphology land cytoarchitecture of human cingulate cortex was evaluated in the brains of 27 neurologically intact individuals. Variations in surface features included a single cingulate sulcus (CS) with or without segmentation or double parallel sulci with or without segmentation. The single CS was deeper (9.7 ± 0.81 mm) than in cases with double parallel sulci (7.5 ± 0.48 mm). There were dimples parallel to the CS in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and anastomoses between the CS and the superior CS. Flat maps of the medial cortical surface were made in a two-stage reconstruction process and used to plot areas. The ACC is agranular and has a prominent layer V. Areas 33 and 25 have poor laminar differentiation, and there are three parts of area 24: area 24a adjacent to area 33 and partially within the callosal sulcus has homogeneous layers II and III, area 24b on the gyral surface has the most prominent layer Va of any cingulate area and distinct layers IIIa-b and IIIc, and area 24c in the ventral bank of the CS has thin layers II–III and no differentiation of layer V. There are four caudal divisions of area 24. Areas 24a′ and 24b′ have a thinner layer Va and layer III is thicker and less dense than in areas 24a and 24b. Area 24c′ is caudal to area 24c and has densely packed, large pyramids throughout layer V. Area 24c'g is caudal to area 24c′ and has the largest layer Vb pyramidal neurons in cingulate cortex. Area 32 is a cingulofrontal transition cortex with large layer IIIc pyramidal neurons and a dysgranular layer IV. Area 32′ is caudal to area 32 and has an indistinct layer IV, larger layer IIIc pyramids, and fewer neurons in layer Va. Posterior cingulate cortex has medial and lateral parts of area 29, a dysgranular area 30, and three divisions of area 23: area 23a has a thin layer IIIc and moderate-sized pyramids in layer Va, area 23b has large and prominent pyramids in layers IIIc and Va, and area 23c has the thinnest layers V and VI in cingulate cortex. Area 31 is the cinguloparietal transition area in the parasplenial lobules and has very large layer IIIc pyramids. Finally, variations in architecture between cases were assessed in neuron perikarya counts in area 23a. There was an age-related decrease in neuron density in layer IV (r = −0.63; ages 45–102), but not in other layers. These observations provide structural underpinnings for interpreting functional imaging studies of the human medial surface. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
770 citations
TL;DR: The present study investigates the hemodynamic and electrophysiological correlates of response competition and error processing and results suggest that the CMA plays a major role in error processing.
744 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2021 | 17 |
| 2020 | 4 |
| 2019 | 7 |
| 2018 | 3 |
| 2017 | 3 |
| 2016 | 2 |