TL;DR: In studies of sex discrimination in fish in the early 1900s, a specific antigen in the blood of gravid females was identified using immunological methods as vitellogenin, the major precursor of egg yolk protein that is synthesized in the female liver and is secreted into the blood to be incorporated into the egg.
Abstract: In studies of sex discrimination in fish in the early 1900s, a specific antigen in the blood of gravid females was identified using immunological methods. At present, this specific antigen is known as vitellogenin, the major precursor of egg yolk protein that is synthesized in the female liver and is secreted into the blood to be incorporated into the egg. Recently, protein and gene analyses have revealed the presence of several vitellogenin variants. In addition, in the 1980s, choriogenin was identified as a novel precursor of egg envelope proteins that is secreted into the blood in response to stimulation by estrogen, similarly to vitellogenin. These two proteins not only play key roles in the process of oogenesis, but they are also used as effective biomarkers for assessing the impact of estrogen-like endocrine-disrupting chemicals (environmental hormones) in aquatic ecosystems.
TL;DR: The cloning of the silkworm ecdysone receptor (EcR) and a study of its expression during follicular cell differentiation suggest a complex relationship between 20E, the induction of the program of chorion gene expression in follicular cells during mid-vitellogenesis and the execution of this program at the end of viteLLogenesis.
TL;DR: The developing ovariole of the silkmoth Bombyx mori is emerging as an important model for the study of insect oogenesis and the action of the steroid hormone 20E at the molecular level.
TL;DR: It is shown that the ecdysone receptor isoform-A (BgEcR-A) mRNA is present throughout the penultimate and last nymphal instars in all tissues analyzed and is required for adult-specific developmental processes, such as wing development, prothoracic gland degeneration and normal choriogenesis.
TL;DR: Analysis of RNAs from transformed lines revealed that the genes are expressed with correct sex, tissue and temporal specificity, resulting in the accumulation of abundant moth chorion transcripts in late fly follicles.
Abstract: Flies and moths are approximately as distant phylogenetically as are mammals and birds. In terms of morphology, physiology and biochemistry, the complex proteinaceous eggshell or chorion differs substantially in these two insect groups, which are typified by Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori. The major chorion proteins of moths are encoded by two families of genes, A and B, which have no obvious homologues in flies. Unlike Drosophila, where chorion genes are oriented in tandem, moths show mostly chorion gene pairs (A plus B) that are divergently transcribed and coordinately expressed. The 5' ends of the paired genes are separated by a DNA segment of only 300 +/- 50 base pairs, which may well include at least some of the cis-regulatory elements necessary for gene expression. Despite these differences, we have tested whether moth chorion genes might be expressed in flies. Cloned DNA fragments bearing moth chorion genes were introduced into the Drosophila germ line by P-element-mediated transformation. Analysis of RNAs from transformed lines revealed that the genes are expressed with correct sex, tissue and temporal specificity, resulting in the accumulation of abundant moth chorion transcripts in late fly follicles.