Showing papers on "Cholera vaccine published in 1985"
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The potential effects of rotavirus and cholera immunization (with an improved vaccine) on diarrhea morbidity and mortality among young children are reviewed using data from field studies and theoretical calculations, suggesting that rotav virus diarrhea may not be controlled by improvements in water supply, sanitation, or hygiene.
Abstract: The potential effects of rotavirus and cholera immunization (with an improved vaccine) on diarrhea morbidity and mortality among young children are reviewed using data from field studies and theoretical calculations. In developing countries rotavirus may be responsible for about 6% of all diarrhea episodes and 20% of all diarrhea deaths in children under 5 years of age. In industrial countries these proportions may be higher. Rotavirus immunization may reduce overall diarrhea morbidity rates by 2-3% and diarrhea mortality rates by 6-10% among children under 5 years of age in developing countries depending on vaccine efficacy and program coverage. The impact of improved cholera vaccines depends on the prominence of cholera as a cause of diarrhea and this varies greatly from country to country. Taking the extreme example of Bangladesh where cholera is endemic and may account for about 0.4% of all diarrhea episodes and 8% of all diarrhea deaths in children under 5 years of age cholera immunization might reduce overall diarrhea morbidity rates by 0.06-0.13% and diarrhea mortality rates by 1-2% among these children. The similar incidence rates in industrial and developing countries suggest that rotavirus diarrhea may not be controlled by improvements in water supply sanitation or hygiene. Control may depend upon the widespread of an effective vaccine. (author)
338 citations
Book•
1 Jan 1985
TL;DR: This book contains 70 selections of studies on the structure of the Gene Encoding of Immunodominant Surface Antigen on the Sprozoite of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum, and Viral Genes, Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Immunity.
Abstract: This book contains 70 selections. Some of the selection titles are: Structure of the Gene Encoding of Immunodominant Surface Antigen on the Sprozoite of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum; Cloning and Expression in Bacteria of the Genes for Merozite-specific Antigens from the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum; A Major Surface Antigen of Plasmodium falciparum in Merozoites: Studies on the Protein and its Gene; Genetic Construction of Cholera Vaccine Prototypes; and Viral Genes, Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Immunity.
65 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the use of tetanus toxoid as a macromolecular carrier, polymerization of the peptide without any external carrier and the conjugation of dipalmityl side chain had comparable effects in enhancing the immune response to several synthetic peptides.
50 citations
1 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The Global Problem of Acute Diarrheal Diseases and the Who Diarrhoeal Diseases Control Programme are studied.
Abstract: The Global Problem of Acute Diarrheal Diseases and the Who Diarrheal Diseases Control Programme- The Vibrio Diseases in 1982: An Overview- Epidemiology of Infantile Bacterial Diarrheal Disease in Brazil- Epidemiology of Diarrhoeal Diseases in Bangladesh- Epidemiology of Bacterial Enteric Pathogens in Rural Thailand: Application of a DNA Hybridization Assay to Detect Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli- Epidemiology of Bacterial Diarrhoeal Diseases in India with Special Reference to Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Infections- Etiological Study of Diarrheal Diseases in Shanghai- Current Status of Bacterial Diarrheal Diseases in Japan- Epidemiological Aspects of Campylobacter Enteritis- Epidemiology of Salmonella and Shigella Infections in the United States- The Cholera/Coli Family of Enterotoxins- Recent Advances in the Study of Heat-Labile Enterotoxins of Escherichia Coli- Heterogeneity of Enterotoxins of Vibrio Cholerae and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli- Internalization of Cholera Toxin Subunits into Mouse Thymus Cells- Mechanism of Action of Choleragen: Effect of Toxin on Binding of Guanyl Nucleotides- Cholera Toxin as a Mitotic Stimulator of Epidermal Cells In Vitro and In Vivo- Secretory Immunity to Vibrio Cholerae Bacteria and Cholera Toxin: Prospects for an Improved Cholera Vaccine- Molecular Heterogeneity of Vibrio Cholerae Non-O1 Enterotoxins- Molecular Genetic Study on the Pathogenicity of an Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli Strain of Human Origin- Increased Production of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin as a Result of TN3 Insertion into a Chimeric R/Ent Plasmid- Evaluation of the Biken Test for the Detection of LT-Producing Escherichia Coli- The Use of Germ-Free Mice Associated with Human Fecal Flora as an Animal Model to Study Enteric Bacterial Interactions- Experimental Cholera in Piglet Models- Campylobacter Enteritis- Biochemical and Serological Characteristics and Fatty Acid Composition of Thermophilic Campylobacter- Campylobacter Jejuni/Coli Serotyping in Developed and Developing Countries- Drug Resistance of Shigella and Experimental Chemotherapy of Shigellosis- The Pathogenesis of Bacillary Dysentery- Ecology of Vibrio Cholerae, Vibrio Parahaemolyticus and Related Vibrios in the Natural Environment- Pathogenesis of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus- Author Index
30 citations
TL;DR: The rabbit model for enteric infection by Vibrio cholerae developed by Spira et al. is modified and might contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of cholera as well as to the improvement of efficacy testing ofCholera vaccines.
Abstract: We modified the rabbit model for enteric infection by Vibrio cholerae developed by Spira et al. and designated the RITARD (for removable intestinal tie-adult rabbit diarrhea) model (20). Our modification DISC comprises a permanent ligation of the cecum (C) to prevent resorption of the fluid secreted by the small intestine, a temporary ligation of the small intestine (S) to enable the bacteria to colonize, and duodenal inoculation (DI) of the challenge material. The main difference between RITARD and DISC is that in the latter model the challenge material is injected into the duodenum approximately 10 cm distal to the stomach instead of into the jejunum. Four out of 5 V. cholerae strains tested, including 2 serotypes and 2 biotypes, were able to elicit a massive and usually fatal cholera-like diarrhea. The virulence depended strongly on the culturing conditions. One strain, C5, caused fatal diarrhea in a dose of about 1000 organisms, even if the temporary ligation was omitted (DIC model). Other modifications were the DIS and the DI model in which the permanent ligature of the cecum or both ligatures were omitted. Duodenal inoculation of organisms in a dose of 100 × the minimum infective dose (MID) in the DIS or DI model did not cause any disease symptom. However, such inoculations were found to cause protection against subsequent challenges with 100 × MID of homologous and heterologous organisms up to 52 weeks after duodenal inoculation. Subcutaneous injection with classical, whole cell cholera vaccine gave only partial protection of short duration. This model might contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of cholera as well as to the improvement of efficacy testing of cholera vaccines.
14 citations
TL;DR: TT and cholera vaccine are indicated to be especially effective in enhancing the antigenicity of a weakly antigenic peptide but point to significant differences in the TT from different manufacturers.
13 citations
1 Jan 1985
TL;DR: This brief overview of the nature and importance of diseases caused by vibrios is outlined, and a few of the authors' own observations about toxin production by cholera vibrio are discussed.
Abstract: Members of the genus Vibrio are the causative agents of a major component of the diarrheal diseases of man, and of a small but intriguing number of systemic infections In this brief overview I will outline my present perception of the nature and importance of diseases caused by vibrios, and then discuss a few of our own observations about toxin production by cholera vibrios In other papers presented in this symposium, many of the participants will provide more detailed discussions of some of the topics which I can only introduce in this review
12 citations
1 Jan 1985
TL;DR: Studies in Bangladesh have shown a close inverse relationship between attack rate of cholera and age and also with serum (vibriocidal) antibody titers, which indicates that second attacks of Cholera within a year or two are extremely rare.
Abstract: While all age groups have been susceptible to cholera when it has spread into new areas, cholera is predominantly a disease of childhood in endemic areas Studies in Bangladesh have shown a close inverse relationship between attack rate of cholera and age and also with serum (vibriocidal) antibody titers This kind of epidemiologic pattern is characteristic of infections which evoke immunity following either disease or inapparent infection There is also epidemiologic data from endemic areas which indicates that second attacks of cholera within a year or two are extremely rare (1, 2, R Glass et al, to be published)
1 citations