Topic
Charge control
About: Charge control is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3449 publications have been published within this topic receiving 26942 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
1 / 2
Papers
TL;DR: In this paper, two algorithms are proposed and analyzed to find the economically optimal solution for the vehicle owner to optimize the charging time and energy flows, and the latter also takes into account vehicle to grid support as a means of generating additional profits.
Abstract: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are a midterm solution to reduce the transportation sector's dependency on oil. However, if implemented in a large scale without control, peak load increases significantly and the grid may be overloaded. Two algorithms to address this problem are proposed and analyzed. Both are based on a forecast of future electricity prices and use dynamic programming to find the economically optimal solution for the vehicle owner. The first optimizes the charging time and energy flows. It reduces daily electricity cost substantially without increasing battery degradation. The latter also takes into account vehicle to grid support as a means of generating additional profits by participating in ancillary service markets. Constraints caused by vehicle utilization as well as technical limitations are taken into account. An analysis, based on data of the California independent system operator, indicates that smart charge timing reduces daily electricity costs for driving from $0.43 to $0.2. Provision of regulating power substantially improves plug-in hybrid electric vehicle economics and the daily profits amount to $1.71, including the cost of driving.
704 citations
TL;DR: A compact model of bipolar transistors suitable for network analysis computer programs is presented, through the use of a new charge control relation linking junction voltages, collector current, and base charge, which substantially exceeds that of existing models of comparable complexity.
Abstract: We present in this paper a compact model of bipolar transistors, suitable for network analysis computer programs. Through the use of a new charge control relation linking junction voltages, collector current, and base charge, the model includes high injection effects. The performance substantially exceeds that of existing models of comparable complexity. For low bias and with some additional idealization, the model reduces to the conventional Ebers-Moll model.
682 citations
TL;DR: The battery management system (BMS) is a critical component of electric and hybrid electric vehicles and the purpose of the BMS is to guarantee safe and reliable battery operation as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The battery management system (BMS) is a critical component of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The purpose of the BMS is to guarantee safe and reliable battery operation. To maintain the safety and reliability of the battery, state monitoring and evaluation, charge control, and cell balancing are functionalities that have been implemented in BMS. As an electrochemical product, a battery acts differently under different operational and environmental conditions. The uncertainty of a battery’s performance poses a challenge to the implementation of these functions. This paper addresses concerns for current BMSs. State evaluation of a battery, including state of charge, state of health, and state of life, is a critical task for a BMS. Through reviewing the latest methodologies for the state evaluation of batteries, the future challenges for BMSs are presented and possible solutions are proposed as well.
508 citations
TL;DR: A long short-term memory – recurrent neural network is proposed to model the sophisticated battery behaviors under varying temperatures and estimate battery SOC from voltage, current, and temperature variables and provides a satisfying SOC estimation under other temperatures which have no data trained before.
327 citations
Book•
8 Aug 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed overview of the development process of magnetography-based powder markers, including the six steps of the magnetography process and its application in the development of magnetometers.
Abstract: 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Technical History.- 1.2 Copier Market.- 1.3 Printer Market.- 1.4 Alternative Powder Marking Technologies.- 1.4.1 Magnetography.- 1.4.2 Ionography.- 2. The Electrophotographic Process.- 2.1 The Six Steps of Electrophotography.- 2.1.1 Charge.- 2.1.2 Expose.- 2.1.3 Develop.- 2.1.4 Transfer.- 2.1.5 Fuse.- 2.1.6 Clean.- 2.2 Implementation-Interactions.- 2.3 Subsystem Choices.- 2.3.1 Photoreceptor.- 2.3.2 Charge.- 2.3.3 Light Source.- 2.3.4 Develop.- 2.3.5 Transfer.- 2.3.6 Fuse.- 2.3.7 Clean.- 3. The Development Step.- 3.1 Challenges.- 3.2 Focus.- 3.3 Descriptions.- 4. Toner Charging for Two Component Development Systems.- 4.1 Metal-Metal Contact Charging.- 4.2 Metal-Insulator Contact Charging.- 4.2.1 Controversies.- 4.2.2 Experimental and Theoretical Difficulties.- 4.2.3 Other Metal-Insulator Experiments.- 4.2.4 Electron Transfer Theories.- 4.2.5 Ion Transfer Theories.- 4.3 Insulator-Insulator Contact Charging.- 4.4 Toner-Carrier Charging.- 4.4.1 Surface State Theory.- 4.4.2 Carbon Black.- 4.4.3 Charge Control Agents.- 4.4.4 Charge Measuring Tools.- 4.5 Summary.- 5. Cascade Development.- 5.1 Development Mechanisms.- 5.1.1 Airborne.- 5.1.2 Contact.- 5.1.3 Scavenging.- 5.1.4 Electrode Source.- 5.2 Experimental Work.- 5.2.1 Solid Area Development.- 5.2.2 Line Development.- 5.2.3 Background Development.- 5.3 Theory Ill.- 5.3.1 Airborne Development Ill.- 5.3.2 Contact Development.- 5.4 Summary.- 6. Insulative Magnetic Brush Development.- 6.1 Qualitative Comparison of Development Mechanisms.- 6.2 The Electric Field.- 6.2.1 Charges.- 6.2.2 Effective Dielectric Constant.- 6.3 Theories of Solid Area Development.- 6.3.1 Neutralization.- 6.3.2 Field Stripping.- 6.3.3 Powder Cloud.- 6.3.4 Equilibrium.- 6.3.5 Depletion.- 6.3.6 "Complete" Theory.- 6.4 Solid Area Development Experiments.- 6.5 Line Development.- 6.6 Background Development.- 6.7 Improvements.- 6.8 Summary.- 7. Conductive Magnetic Brush Development.- 7.1 Initial Theoretical Ideas.- 7.2 Experimental Data and Discussions.- 7.3 Infinitely Conductive Theory.- 7.4 Comparison with Experiment.- 7.5 Line Development.- 7.6 Background Development.- 7.7 Summary.- 8. Toner Charging for Monocomponent Development Systems.- 8.1 Induction Charging.- 8.2 Injection Charging.- 8.3 Contact Charging.- 8.4 Corona Charging.- 8.5 Charging Methods for Powder Coating.- 8.6 Other Charging Methods.- 8.7 Traveling Electric Fields.- 9. Monocomponent Development.- 9.1 Aerosol or Powder Cloud Development.- 9.2 Early Work.- 9.3 Theory of Monocomponent Development.- 9.4 Conductive Toner.- 9.5 Magnetic, Insulative Toner.- 9.6 Nonmagnetic, Insulative Toner.- 9.7 Summary.- 10. Liquid Development.- 10.1 Material Requirements.- 10.1.1 Toner Charging.- 10.1.2 Liquid Properties.- 10.2 Development Theories.- 10.2.1 First-Order Effects.- 10.2.2 Complexities.- 10.2.3 Better Development Theories.- 10.3 Toner Characteristics.- 10.3.1 Optimized Properties.- 10.3.2 Determination of Toner Properties.- 10.4 Recent Developments.- 10.5 Summary.- 11. Color Electrophotography.- 11.1 History.- 11.2 Image Quality.- 11.2.1 Grayscale.- 11.2.2 Other Challenges.- 11.3 Colored Toner Accumulation.- 11.4 New Development Systems.- 11.4.1 Image Quality.- 11.4.2 Compactness.- 11.4.3 Noncontact, Noninteracting Development System.- 11.5 Color Market.- 11.6 Current Copier Products.- 11.7 Current Printer Products.- 12. Update of Chapters 1-10.- 12-1.2 Copier Market.- 12-1.3 Printer Market.- 12-1.4 Alternative Powder Marking Technologies.- 12-1.4.1 Magnetography.- 12-1.4.2 Ionography.- 12-2.1.4 Transfer and Toner Adhesion.- 12-2.3.2 Charge.- 12-2.3.5 Transfer.- 12-2.3.7 Clean.- 12-4 Toner Charging for Two Component Development Systems.- 12-4.3 Insulator-Insulator Contact Charging.- 12-4.4 Toner-Carrier Charging.- 12-4.4.1 Surface State Theory.- 12-4.4.3 Charge Control Agents.- 12-4.4.4 Charge Measuring Tools.- 12-4.4.5 Life Characteristics.- 12-6.2.2 Effective Dielectric Constant.- 12-6.4 Solid Area Development Experiments.- 12-6.6 Background Development.- 12-7.3 Infinitely Conductive Theory.- 12-8.3 Contact Charging.- 12-9.3 Theory of Monocomponent Development.- 12-9.4 Conductive Toner.- 12-9.6 Nonmagnetic, Insulative Toner.- 12-10.1.1 Toner Charging.- 12-10.4 Recent Developments.- References.
321 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2025 | 14 |
| 2024 | 19 |
| 2023 | 12 |
| 2022 | 28 |
| 2021 | 31 |
| 2020 | 77 |