TL;DR: This second edition has been revised and updated to take full account of new research in universals and typology in the past decade, and more generally to consider how the approach advocated here relates to recent advances in generative grammatical theory.
Abstract: Since its first publication, "Language Universals and Linguistic Typology" has become established as the leading introductory account of one of the most productive areas of linguistics-the analysis, comparison, and classification of the common features and forms of the organization of languages. Adopting an approach to the subject pioneered by Greenberg and others, Bernard Comrie is particularly concerned with syntactico-semantic universals, devoting chapters to word order, case making, relative clauses, and causative constructions. His book is informed throughout by the conviction that an exemplary account of universal properties of human language cannot restrict itself to purely formal aspects, nor focus on analysis of a single language. Rather, it must also consider language use, relate formal properties to testable claims about cognition and cognitive development, and treat data from a wide range of languages. This second edition has been revised and updated to take full account of new research in universals and typology in the past decade, and more generally to consider how the approach advocated here relates to recent advances in generative grammatical theory.
TL;DR: The author investigates the distribution and placement of verbal particles, which are words that do not change their form through inflection and do not fit easily into the established system of parts of speech.
Abstract: The author investigates the distribution and placement of verbal particles, which are words that do not change their form through inflection and do not fit easily into the established system of parts of speech. He analyses data from Norwegian, English, Dutch, German, and other languages.
TL;DR: This article investigated learners' use of high frequency verbs, and in particular use of the verb MAKE, a major representative of this group, and found that learners tend to over- or underuse these verbs.
Abstract: This article investigates EFL learner use of high frequency verbs, and in particular use of the verb MAKE, a major representative of this group. The main questions addressed are: do learners tend to over- or underuse these verbs? Are high-frequency verbs error-prone or safe? What part does transfer play in misuse of these verbs? To answer these questions, authentic learner data has been compared with native speaker data using computerized corpora and linguistic software tools to speed up the initial stage of the linguistic analysis. The article focuses on what proves to be the two most distinctive uses of MAKE, viz. the delexical and causative uses. Results show that EFL learners, even at an advanced proficiency level, have great difficulty with a high frequency verb such as MAKE. They also demonstrate that some of these problems are shared by the two groups of learners under consideration (Swedish- and French-speaking learners) while others seem to be L1-related. In the conclusion, the pedagogical implications of the study are discussed and suggestions made for using concordance-based exercises as a way of raising learners' awareness of the complexity of high-frequency verbs.
TL;DR: A discourse perspective on tense and aspect in standard modern Greek and English (by Paprotte, Wolf) and Semantic extensions into the domain of verbal communication (by Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida) .
Abstract: 1. Preface 2. I. Toward a coherent and comprehensive linguistic theory 3. An overview of cognitive grammar (by Langacker, Ronald W.) 4. A view of linguistic semantics (by Langacker, Ronald W.) 5. The nature of grammatical valence (by Langacker, Ronald W.) 6. A usage-based model (by Langacker, Ronald W.) 7. II. Aspects of a multifaceted research program 8. The relation of grammar to cognition (by Talmy, Leonard) 9. Where does prototypicality come from? (by Geeraerts, Dirk) 10. The natural category MEDIUM: An alternative to selection restrictions and similar constructs (by Hawkins, Bruce) 11. Spatial expressions and the plasticity of meaning (by Herskovits, Annette) 12. Contrasting prepositional categories: English and Italian (by Taylor, John R.) 13. The mapping of elements of cognitive space onto grammatical relations: An example from Russian verbal prefixation (by Janda, Laura A.) 14. Conventionalization of cora locationals (by Casad, Eugene H.) 15. The conceptualisation of vertical space in English: The case of tall (by Dirven, Rene) 16. Length, width, and potential passing (by Vandeloise, Claude) 17. On bounding in Lk (by Serzisko, Fritz) 18. A discourse perspective on tense and aspect in standard modern Greek and English (by Paprotte, Wolf) 19. Semantic extensions into the domain of verbal communication (by Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida) 20. Spatial metaphor in German causative constructions (by King, Robert Thomas) 21. Nahuatl causative/applicatives in cognitive grammar (by Tuggy, David) 22. III. A historical perspective 23. Grammatical categories and human conceptualization: Aristotle and the modistae (by Swiggers, Pierre) 24. Cognitive grammar and the history of lexical semantics (by Geeraerts, Dirk) 25. References 26. Subject index