Showing papers on "Catfish published in 1978"
TL;DR: Channel catfish fingerlings fed purified diets devoid of vitamin C showed reduced growth rate, deformed spinal columns, external and internal hemorrhages, erosion of fins, dark skin color and reduced bone collagen content after 8 to 12 weeks, whereas fish fed a diet containing 30 mg/kg of vitaminC had none of these anomalies after 22 weeks.
Abstract: Channel catfish fingerlings fed purified diets devoid of vitamin C showed reduced growth rate, deformed spinal columns, external and internal hemorrhages, erosion of fins, dark skin color and reduced bone collagen content after 8 to 12 weeks, whereas fish fed a diet containing 30 mg/kg of vitamin C had none of these anomalies after 22 weeks. A dietary level of 30 mg of vitamin C per kg was insufficient to prevent distortion of gill filament cartilage, although 60 mg of vitamin C per kg was sufficient. Vertebral collagen percentages of 25 or below and liver ascorbic acid levels of 30 microgram/g or below appeared to be indicative of vitamin C deficiency in channel catfish fingerlings. Epidermis and dermis were almost completely healed and extensive collagen fiber formation had commenced in the somatic muscle, in experimentally inflicted wounds after 10 days in fish fed the vitamin C-free diet. Skin and muscle at the wound site were almost regenerated to normal after 10 days in fish fed 60 mg of vitamin C per kg of diet.
259 citations
TL;DR: When channel catfish fingerlings were fed semipurified diets supplemented with monobasic sodium phosphate, their minimum requirement of dietary phosphorus for satisfactory growth and bone mineralization was approximately 0.45%.
Abstract: When channel catfish fingerlings were fed semipurified diets supplemented with monobasic sodium phosphate, their minimum requirement of dietary phosphorus for satisfactory growth and bone mineralization was approximately 0.45%. The addition of calcium (calcium carbonate) to a phosphorus-supplemented diet increased growth rate slightly but not significantly. Availability of phosphorus for channel catfish, as determined by net absorption from the digestive tract, was 90-94% for monosodium and monocalcium phosphate, 65% for dicalcium phosphate (feed-grade), 40% for fish meal, 50-54% for soybean meal, and 25-28% for cereal products.
111 citations
TL;DR: None of the gross pathological changes previously reported for tryptophan deficiency in sockeye salmon and rainbow trout were observed in channel catfish.
Abstract: Growth studies, utilizing a 24% crude protein diet containing an amino acid pattern similar to whole egg protein, indicate that the tryptophan requirement for fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is about 0.12% of the diet (dry weight basis) or 0.5% of the dietary protein. Similar studies indicate that the threonine requirement for the same fish is about 0.53% of the diet (dry weight basis) or 2.21% of the dietary protein. The dietary requirement of threonine was confirmed by serum free threonine analysis. A marked increase in serum free threonine occurred at a dietary threonine level of approximately 0.5% of the diet. None of the gross pathological changes previously reported for tryptophan deficiency in sockeye salmon and rainbow trout were observed in channel catfish.
111 citations
TL;DR: Results confirm the hypothesis that, in the catfish retina, a function of the negative feedback is to improve the frequency responses of the system and indicate that feedback synapses from cone horizontal cells to cones are chemically mediated and may use gamma-aminobutyric acid as a neurotransmitter.
Abstract: In the catfish retina, horizontal cells that receive inputs exclusively from red-sensitive cones are the only neurons that accumulate exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid under our experimental conditions. When isolated eyecups are perfused with bicuculline methochloride, an antagonist of postsynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors, responses of cone photoreceptors to a field of light (3 mm in diameter) become much slower and approach those to a small spot of light (0.3 mm). In addition, bicuculline methochloride decreases the frequency responses of cone horizontal cells to a field of light. These findings indicate that, in the catfish retina, feedback synapses from cone horizontal cells to cones are chemically mediated and may use gamma-aminobutyric acid as a neurotransmitter. Our results also confirm the hypothesis that, in the catfish retina, a function of the negative feedback is to improve the frequency responses of the system.
98 citations
TL;DR: Channel catfish did not require vitamin C in their diets for normal growth or to prevent gross signs of the broken back syndrome at the two lower densities; however, at the highest density growth was 28% less while 23% of the fish showed external signs ofThe break back syndrome.
Abstract: Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were grown from fingerlings to harvestable size in earthen ponds at densities of 197 and 394 fish per 400-m2 pond (49 and 98 per 100 m2) and 494 fish per 200-m2 pen (247 per 100 m2) by intensive feeding of diets with or without supplemental vitamin C. The fish did not require vitamin C in their diets for normal growth or to prevent gross signs of the broken back syndrome at the two lower densities; however, at the highest density growth was 28% less while 23% of the fish showed external signs of the broken back syndrome. Percentages of collagen in bone and vitamin C in liver were statistically lower (P < 0.05) in fish fed the diet deficient in vitamin C. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity, blood hematocrit, and anterior kidney vitamin C level were not influenced by the diets. Feed processing losses of vitamin C were 18 to 27% and 46 to 62% for pelleting and extrusion, respectively. The half-life of vitamin C in stored catfish feeds was 2.6 to 2.9 months.
77 citations
TL;DR: Spinal deformities were common among fish fed low vitamin C diets, but the incidence decreased as dietary vitamin C was increased, and backbone collagen fell in fish fed the diet containing 63 mg/kg of vitamin C.
Abstract: The involvement of vitamin C as a cofactor in detoxication mechanisms of fish was investigated by feeding selected amounts of the vitamin in diets of fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) that were concurrently exposed to toxaphene, a widely used organochlorine insecticide in the Southeastern United States. Three groups of fish were exposed continuously to each of five toxaphene concentrations—37, 68, 106, 218, and 475 ng/liter—and fed a diet containing 63, 670, or 5,000 mg/kg of vitamin C. After 150 days of toxaphene exposure, backbone collagen was significantly decreased in most fish fed the diet containing 63 mg/kg of vitamin C. However, the toxaphene concentrations of 37 and 68 ng/liter did not cause this effect in fish fed the 670 mg/kg vitamin C diet, and only the 475 ng/liter concentration significantly depressed backbone collagen in fish fed the 5,000 mg/kg diet. Spinal deformities were common among fish fed low vitamin C diets, but the incidence decreased as dietary vitamin C ...
63 citations
TL;DR: Acute toxicity tests were conducted on permethrin (Pounce(R)), a synthetic pyrethroid, by using 8-12- and 20-30-mm Louisiana red swamp crayfish, fry channel catfish, fingerling largemouth bass, mosquitofish, mosquit ofish, and bullfrog tadpoles.
Abstract: Acute toxicity tests were conducted on permethrin (Pounce(R)), a synthetic pyrethroid, by using 8-12- and 20-30-mm Louisiana red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), fry channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), fingerling largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), and bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana). The 96-h LC50 values were 0.39, 0.62, 1.1, 8.5, 15.0, and 7,033 μg/liter, respectively.
59 citations
50 citations
TL;DR: Growth and feed efficiency data indicate that channel catfish can utilize DL-methionine as effectively as L-mETHionine, and OH-M was only about 26% as effective in promoting growth as L.meth ionine.
Abstract: Sixteen isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets were fed to fingerling channel catfish to study the efficacy of L-methionine, DL-methionine, methionine hydroxy analogue (OH-M), taurine and sodium sulfate. The basal diet contained casein and gelatin supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids to correspond to the amino acid pattern found in 24% crude protein from whole egg powder. The basal diet, containing 0.26% methionine was supplemented with graded levels of each of the sulfur sources on an isosulfurous basis. Growth and feed efficiency data indicate that channel catfish can utilize DL-methionine as effectively as L-methionine. OH-M was only about 26% as effective in promoting growth as L-methionine. No significant growth response was observed when taurine or inorganic sulfate was added to the basal diet.
48 citations
TL;DR: In separate 20 and 12 week feeding studies, channel catfish fingerlings were fed semipurified diets containing five levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 mg/kg) of supplemented thiamin hydrochloride respectively and the dietary thiam in these diets demonstrated anorexia, extremely poor growth, dark coloration of the skin and increased mortality rates.
Abstract: In separate 20 and 12 week feeding studies, channel cat fish Engerlings were fed semipurified diets containing five levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 mg/kg) and six levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) of supplemented thiamin hydrochloride respectively. The dietary thiamin level required to provide maximal growth and prevent deficiency symptoms in channel catfish fingerlings was found to be approximately 1 mg/kg of diet. Fish fed unsupplemented diets (thiamin content of less than 0.1 mg/kg diet) demonstrated anorexia, extremely poor growth, dark coloration of the skin and increased mortality rates. Neurological symptoms were not observed. Histological examinations of the heart, hepatopancreas, kidney, lateral muscle, gastrointestinal tract and gills of deficient fish re vealed no abnormalities. J. Nutr. 108: 176-180, 1978.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this study a high biomass, excellent growth and satisfactory survival rates were obtained when the fish were fed duckweed; the other diets were less satisfactory.
Abstract: Grass carp were arranged in two groups with an average individual weight of 63 g and 3 g respectively. They were maintained in circular tanks and each group size was fed one of four experimental diets consisting of Purina catfish chow pellets, 50 % catfish chow ryegrass pellets, 100% ryegrass pellets and fresh duckweed, Lemna minima. In this study a high biomass, excellent growth and satisfactory survival rates were obtained when the fish were fed duckweed; the other diets were less satisfactory. The 100% ryegrass pellets gave the least weight gains and on this diet the smaller fish showed lower survival rates and more abnormalities. The feeding experiment lasted 68 days.
TL;DR: Findings suggest that some fishes are able to synthesize AsA and be independent of a dietary source of the vitamin under normal conditions.
Abstract: This study deals with the species distribution in fishes of L-gulonolactone oxidase (EC, 1.1.3.8), which catalyzes the conversion of L-gulono-γ-lactone to L-ascorbic acid (AsA). In carp, the activity was found in the hepatopancreas with a faint activity in the kidney and dark muscle, and the enzyme was located in the soluble fraction from the hepatopancreas. The activity of carp hepatopancreas was about one-third that of rat liver. This enzyme was also found in the hepatic tissues of gengorobuna, ugui, and catfish which belong to Cypriniformes but has not been detected in any of the other fishes so far tested, such as rainbow trout, amago, ayu, eel, red sea bream, yellow-tail, kawahagi, and tilapia. These findings suggest that some fishes are able to synthesize AsA and be independent of a dietary source of the vitamin under normal conditions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the habitat preferences of the sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus, in a clear coastal lake, Lake Sibaya, are described Larval and small juvenile catfish inhabit flotsam and the rootstocks of plants in very shallow marginal areas Larger juveniles inhabit densely-vegetated marginal pools, and may venture into open areas at night Adult catfish (over 350 mm TL) occupy offshore areas, where their density is highest in terrace and sheltered bay habitats, and least in slope and profundal habitats.
Abstract: SUMMARY The habitat preferences of the sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus, in a clear coastal lake, Lake Sibaya, are described Larval and small juvenile catfish inhabit flotsam and the rootstocks of plants in very shallow marginal areas Larger juveniles inhabit densely-vegetated marginal pools, and may venture into open areas at night Adult catfish (over 350 mm TL) occupy offshore areas, where their density is highest in terrace and sheltered bay habitats, and least in slope and profundal habitats Adult catfish undergo a diel migration into shallow water at night and into deeper water during the day which is more marked at low lake levels The methods used to capture catfish, and the main habitats in Lake Sibaya, are also described
TL;DR: Channel catfish fingerlings fed semipurified diets in flowing-water aquariums for 16 wk required a dietary source of vitamin D for normal growth and bone mineralization.
Abstract: Channel catfish fingerlings fed semipurified diets in flowing-water aquariums for 16 wk required a dietary source of vitamin D for normal growth and bone mineralization.
TL;DR: Channel catfish require an exogenous source of biotin for maximum rates of growth and lipid utilization and fish fed biotin in lipid and lipid-free diets had higher liver pyruvate carboxylase activity than fish fed diets without supplemental biotin.
Abstract: A 3 X 2 factorial feeding study was conducted with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to evaluate effects of biotin, no biotin, or a biotin antagonist (avidin) in lipid and lipid-free diets. At 10 weeks, fish fed diets containing lipid were significantly larger than fish fed lipid-free diets. At 20 weeks, fish fed diets containing avidin had grown significantly less than those fed the other diets. At 22 weeks, fish fed the lipid diet supplemented with biotin had grown significantly more than those fed the lipid diet without biotin. Fish fed the lipid diet with avidin were found to be anemic and exhibited a marked depigmentation of the skin. Fish fed biotin in lipid and lipid-free diets had higher liver pyruvate carboxylase activity than fish fed diets without supplemental biotin. These results indicate that channel catfish require an exogenous source of biotin for maximum rates of growth and lipid utilization.
TL;DR: In this article, Simazine was applied to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) production ponds with biweekly applications of 0.84 kg/hectare copper sulfate to reduce phytoplankton density.
Abstract: Treatment of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) production ponds with biweekly applications of 0.84 kg/hectare copper sulfate was ineffective in reducing phytoplankton density. Three periodic applications of simazine totaling 1.3 mg/liter drastically reduced phytoplankton density. However, extended periods of low dissolved oxygen concentrations following simazine applications resulted in decreased fish yields and poor conversion ratios as compared to control ponds.
TL;DR: Channel catfish fingerlings were fed purified diets containing six levels of supplemental niacin and no histological abnormalities were observed in the heart, hepatopancreas, kidney, lateral muscle, gastrointestinal tract and gill tissues of deficient fish.
Abstract: Channel catfish fingerlings were fed purified diets containing five levels (0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) and six levels (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) of supplemental niacin in 20 and 12 weeks feeding studies, respectively. The dietary niacin level required to provide maximal growth in rapidly growing channel catfish fingerlings was found to be approximately 14 mg/kg of diet. Fish fed unsupplemented diets (niacin content of 1.6 mg/kg diet) demonstrated poor growth, anemia, skin and fin lesions and hemorrhages, exophthalmia and total mortality in 20 weeks. Mortality and gross deficiency signs were prevented by 11.6 mg niacin/kg diet and anemia was prevented by 6.6 mg/kg. No histological abnormalities were observed in the heart, hepatopancreas, kidney, lateral muscle, gastrointestinal tract and gill tissues of deficient fish.
TL;DR: Results from this study reconfirmed previous growth data which indicated that animal fat is an excellent dietary energy source for catfish which are reared at optimum temperatures.
Abstract: A study was conducted on the effects of three dietary levels of animal fat (5%, 10%, and 15%) and two environmental temperatures (23 and 28 degrees) on the digestible energy (DE) and apparent absorbability (AA) of animal fat in diets of 150 g catfish. Results obtained by the use of the chromic oxide indicator technique demonstrated that at 28 degrees and substitution levels up to 10% of diet, animal fat had a DE value of 7,000 kcal/kg and an AA of 94%. At the 15% level of substitution, both DE and AA were substantially reduced. At each level of substitution, DE and AA values were considerably lower in fish reared at 23 degrees. At supplemental levels up to 10% of diet, the DE and AA values for catfish at 23 degrees were 6,130 kcal/kg and 70%, respectively. Results from this study reconfirmed previous growth data which indicated that animal fat is an excellent dietary energy source for catfish which are reared at optimum temperatures.
TL;DR: All fish fed unsupplemented diets demonstrated a short body dwarfism which was the result of arrested longitudinal growth of the vertebrae, and no histological abnormalities were recognized in the liver, kidney, lateral muscle, gastrointestinal tract, gills, or bones of deficient fish.
Abstract: Channel catfish fingerlings were fed purified diets containing five levels (0, 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg) and six levels (0, 3, 8, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) of riboflavin in separate 20 and 12 week feeding studies. The dietary riboflavin level required to provide maximal growth in channel catfish fingerlings was found to be approximately 9 mg/kg of diet. All fish fed unsupplemented diets (riboflavin content less than 0.1 mg/kg diet) demonstrated a short body dwarfism which was the result of arrested longitudinal growth of the vertebrae. This abnormality did not occur in groups fed 3 mg/kg or higher levels of riboflavin. No histological abnormalities were recognized in the liver, kidney, lateral muscle, gastrointestinal tract, gills, or bones of deficient fish.
TL;DR: The acute response of liver of channel catfish and rat to polychlorinated biphenyl was compared on a structural and functional basis and in the rat the response was quantitatively greater in all respects.
Abstract: The acute response of liver of channel catfish and rat to poly chlorinated biphenyl was compared on a structural and functional basis. Both the rat and the fish had elevated microsomal enzyme activities. However, in the rat the response was quantitatively greater in all respects. Morphologically, rats responded with lipid accumulation and marked increases in smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Fish liver showed lipid accumulation and increased profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum with alterations in arrangement that appeared as vesicles and parallel cisternae. Minimal changes were seen in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which appeared to be increased as discrete foci.
TL;DR: Results show that in the gravid catfish, as in the regressed ones, the increase in plasmatic cortisol after injection of LH or SG-G100 results principally from the activation of the interrenal.
TL;DR: The activity of the lipogenic enzymes of catfish liver was always low, regardless of the proportions of lipids or carbohydrates in the diet and could not be raised by insulin administration.
Abstract: 1. 1. Some of the physical, chemical and kinetic properties of catfish liver lipogenic enzymes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase) were investigated. 2. 2. The liver lipogenic enzymes of catfish exhibited maximal activity at 37°C, even though these fish usually live at temperatures not above 24°C. 3. 3. The activity of the lipogenic enzymes of catfish liver was always low, regardless of the proportions of lipids or carbohydrates in the diet and could not be raised by insulin administration. 4. 4. Under the conditions of the experiments, catfish liver fatty acid synthetase produced more stearate than palmitate and no myristate.
TL;DR: Results strongly indicate that increased dietary levels of α-tocopherol are effective in increasing the storage stability of catfish fillets.
Abstract: Fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) 12–15 cm long were fed semipurified diets containing 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg of dl-α-tocopherol acetate per 100 g dry diet, and slaughtered afte...
TL;DR: A direct and accurate method of age determination using the relative positions of otolith growth checks is described, which indicated that, since a permanent seaward migration of older fish is unlikely, then natural mortality among lagoon-resident G. cuerulescens occurs before a growth asymptote is reached.
Abstract: A direct and accurate method of age determination using the relative positions of otolith growth checks is described In the catfish Guleichthys cuerulescens, otolith length and depth were both linearly related to fish length Checks appeared to be formed twice per year, at the beginning and at the end of the rainy season (late June to late September) Growth was more rapid in the wet season, when water temperatures were at their height Calculated mean fork lengths of spring-spawned fish after the first four years of life were respectively 115, 193, 263 and 331 cm Few individuals grew beyond 40 cm, the survival of most of the population being five years or less, but a maximum recorded length of 515 cm suggested that catfish may occasionally persist into their seventh or eighth year The shape of the growth curve indicated that, since a permanent seaward migration of older fish is unlikely, then natural mortality among lagoon-resident G cuerulescens occurs before a growth asymptote is reached
TL;DR: Ultrathin sections of the nasal barbel of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were studied in the electron microscope and the fine structure was compared to that of barbels of other teleosts and to the mandibular (dentary) barbelsOf I. punctatus.
Abstract: Ultrathin sections of the nasal barbel of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were studied in the electron microscope and the fine structure was compared to that of barbels of other teleosts and to the mandibular (dentary) barbels of I. punctatus. While the overall histology of the nasal barbel is similar to that of barbels described previously, this study revealed far greater cellular complexity and variability than was previously reported. A layer of stratified epidermal cells rests upon a connective tissue dermis containing a cartilage rod, a large number of nerve fibers and numerous blood vessels, fibroblasts and pigment cells. Taste buds are present in the epidermal layer. This layer was found to contain probably 16 kinds of cell types, several of which may represent transitional stages, in addition to taste bud cells. Observations were made pertaining to innervation and cell types in the taste buds. A new terminology for designating the barbels of I. punctatus is suggested.
TL;DR: The membrane permeability to nonelectrolytes and carbohydrate metabolism were examined in red cells obtained from the Amazon fishes including the electric eel, the arawana, the pirarucu, the lungfish, and the armored catfish.
Abstract: The membrane permeability to nonelectrolytes and carbohydrate metabolism were examined in red cells obtained from the Amazon fishes including the electric eel (Electrophorus electrocus), the arawana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum), the pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), the lungfish (Lepidosireti paradoxa), and the armored catfish (Pterygoplichthys). Glucose permeability was fastest in the electric eel, followed by the lungfish. The red cells of the arawana were only slightly permeable to glucose. Both the armored catfish and the pirarucu red cells were found to be totally impermeable to glucose. There was no evidence for the presence of the facilitated diffusion mechanism for glucose transport in any of these fish red cells. In sharp contrast with glucose, red cells of all five species were quite permeable to ribose and urea. Urea permeability of red cells decreased in order of magnitude with the lungfish > the electric eel > the arawana > the armored catfish the pirarucu. The urea permeability of the lungfish was in...
TL;DR: 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate has been isolated and identified as a constituent of RBC of the armored catfish, Pterygoplichtys sp.
Abstract: Inositol diphosphate (inositol-P2) has been isolated and identified from erythrocytes (RBC) of the lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa. Inositol-P2 represents 6–8% of the total cell acid-soluble phosphates or 1.3 μmol/cm3 RBC. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) has been isolated and identified as a constituent of RBC of the armored catfish, Pterygoplichtys sp. 2,3-DPG is present in these cells at levels of 1.9 μmol/cm3 RBC or 11–14% of the cell phosphate. The possible role of these compounds as regulators of hemoglobin function in these species is discussed.