Abstract: Outliers may influence the analysis of a set of data in various different ways. Some practical examples are used to motivate a categorization of the different aims in handling outliers and of the different models which might be employed to reflect the presence of outliers.

Abstract: NELSON, KATHERINE; RESCORLA, LESLIE; GRUENDEL, JANICE; and BENEDICT, HELEN. Early Lexicons: What Do They Mean? CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 960-968. Data from 4 recent language studies are examined to explore issues in concept-word relationships. Data on both comprehension and production of words suggest that the typical sequence in lexical development is generalization from a particular referent to wider use. While overextensions are common, the majority of early words are not overextended. The data indicate that a variety of features serve as the basis for word application-perceptual, affective, and functional. It is argued that early word use serves a variety of semantic functions, such as categorization and predication. The data suggest that young children have some intuitive grasp of natural semantic domains, such as vehicles or animals. It is noted that comprehension data often reveal a more differentiated knowledge of semantic categories than productive word use conveys. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance of the data for Nelson's concept-matching model.

Abstract: This paper reviews the empirical literature on people's beliefs about males, particularly how the “typical male” is described on paper-and-pencil adjective-list studies. A threefold categorization is suggested of the traits that seem to be mentioned most often as characteristic of the typical male: (a) how a man handles his life (active and achievement-oriented), (b) how a man handles others (dominant), and (c) how a man handles his psyche (level-headed). In addition, several methodological and interpretational problems are described. On the basis of these problems and of findings from studies that examine beliefs about males in different ways, it is suggested that highly stereotypic beliefs about males may be less pervasive than usually thought.

Abstract: Interpersonal relationships pose problems additional to those arising from social behaviour. If there is to be a science of interpersonal relationships, it must rest on a firm descriptive base. It is suggested that the following categories of dimensions are likely to prove useful: the content of the interactions within the relationship; their diversity; their qualities; their relative frequency and patterning; the nature of their reciprocity v. complementarity; and the intimacy, interpersonal congruency and commitment between the participants. A science of relationships will also require principles concerned with their dynamice. Three likely categories are those concerned with social constraints, with learning, and with positive and negative feedback. Principles concerned with learning will require an adequate categorization of the resources used in interpersonal interactions. The specification of these principles depends on the adequacy of the descriptive base.

Abstract: Three experiments examined the relationship between instance typicality and reaction time (RT) in a semantic categorization task. In all three experiments, first the instance was presented, and then the category. High-typicality high-imagery instances (e.g., robin) and lowtypicality low-imagery instances (e.g., grackle) were categorized faster than low-typicality highimagery instances (e.g., penguin). Instructing subjects to generate images of the instances had no influence on the pattern of results. The difference in categorization RT for lowimagery low-typicality instances vs. high-imagery high-typicality instances suggests that these instances may be represented differently in memory.

Abstract: A paradigm that required that subjects learn two responses to each of 10 schematic faces was used to study the relative rate of discrimination and generalization learning. One response uniquely identified each face, whereas the second response classified each face as a member of one of two categories. Rapid category learning and slow item learning suggested that category responses were learned on the basis of abstracted information, but item responses depended on the more difficult task of discriminating among patterns. The results are related to categorization models and to task variables that should influence the relative rates of discrimination and generalization learning.

Abstract: Publisher Summary It is probable that no two signals ever received by a human sense organ are ever precisely identical. This truism has nontrivial consequences for the understanding of human information processing. It implies that signals from the same source will have considerable variation and that this variation may indeed be easily discriminable. Early discussions of signal categorization and of visual search centered around discussions as to whether perceptual processing could best be regarded as a serial or a parallel process. In the event, both characteristics were claimed for perceptual processing in different tasks and at different stages of practice in each task. There have been very illuminating discussions of the extent to which data from particular experiments can be expected to provide evidence for the operation of systems of one of these classes or of the many subclasses. The distinctions between serial and parallel processing must entail distinctions between the types of classification a subject is required to make, or can make, when categorizing input.

Abstract: Two experiments examine whether set for a categorial difference or set for a target category is necessary in order to obtain the category effect in visual search. Eliminating a set for categorial difference does not diminish the size of the effect. When subjects are prevented from developing a useful set for the target category, however, the category effect is eliminated.

Abstract: human cognitive activities. The ability to treat different stimuli as equivalent is intimately involved with the forma tion of concepts, our organized units of knowledge. There appears to be a number of reasons why categorization serves human thinking so well. Anglin (1977) has called categorization "a ubiquitous cognitive activity" which research indicates is involved in concept formation as well as in perception, memory, problem solv ing, and almost all linguistic be havior.

Abstract: An important aspect of the categorization process is that an item can be assigned membership in more than one semantic category. Previous work examining how subjects decide an item’s membership in one of several alternative categories has most often used categories having a strict hierarchical relationship (e.g., bird-canary). Four experiments are reported that examine how subjects decide membership of simple pictorial stimuli in partially overlapping categories (e.g., high and very high). Experiment 1 was a rating task designed to identify items as members, nonmembers, or as falling on the fringes for several overlapping categories. In Experiments 2–4, this information was used to predict subjects’ mean reaction time in speeded categorization tasks using the same pictorial stimuli. Subjects interpreted the categories in one of two very different ways. According to the first interpretation, there was a strict set-subset relationship between categories such as “high” and “very high.” According to the second, the entailment relationship did not hold; membership in the category “very high” did not imply membership in “high.” Even when subjects used a set-subset interpretation of the category labels, their reaction times were affected by a form of semantic response competition. Subjects took longer to verify an item’s membership in a category when there was another more appropriate category descriptor for that item included in the experiment.

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether evaluative responses to a single attribute, colour, reflected categorization and prototypicality as did responses in a furniture selection study (Whitfield & Slatter, 1978). Subjects ranked colours in order of appropriateness for the walls of a simulated domestic interior furnished in one of three styles: Modern, Georgian or Art Nouveau. Style was designated by simulated items of furniture. The hypothesis that judged appropriateness would vary as a function of style was borne out by the results. Support was also provided for the prediction that two rather than three categories would be refernced by subjects–Georgian and Art Nouveau comparising a unitary category. Finally, evidence of effects due to prototypicality was descernible from inspection of the date.

Abstract: To investigate whether formational properties of sign language are used spontaneously to organize long-term memory, 16 deaf college students were given a free recall task with items that could be categorized either by shared semantic category or by shared sign language hand shape. Both presentation and response modes (signed or written) were varied between subjects. Analyses revealed no effects of mode on trials to criterion or number of items recalled at 1 week. The clustering that occurred was exclusively semantic, with significantly higher clustering scores during acquisition trials in subjects required to sign their responses. In Experiment 2, formational clustering was encouraged by including formational similarity as the only experimenter-defined basis of categorization, by increasing formational similarity within categories, and by testing only subjects with high signing skills. Input and output modes were again varied between subjects. Subjects were deaf college students with deaf parents (n = 10) or hearing parents (n = 16), and hearing adults with deaf parents (n = 8). Again, spontaneous clustering by formational similarity was extremely low. In only one case— deaf subjects with hearing parents given signed input—did formational clustering increase significantly across the eight acquisition trials. After the categorical nature of the list was explained to subjects at a 1-week retention session, all groups clustered output by formational categories. Apparently, fluent signers do have knowledge of the formational structure of signs, but do not spontaneously use this knowledge as a basis of mnemonic organization in long-term memory.

Abstract: Serbo-Croatian is read, to a greater or lesser degree depending on locale, in two alphabets, the Roman and the Cyrillic. While most letters are solely members of one or the other alphabet, some letters are shared and of these, some are ambiguous in that they are read differently in the two alphabets. The order in which the alphabets are acquired depends on geography: in the eastern part of the country the order is Cyrillic then Roman; in the western part of the country the order is Roman then Cyrillic. A series of six experiments is reported examining the relation, in processing terms, between the two alphabets. Evidence is presented for a processing asymmetry. Processing the letters of the first-acquired alphabet is more similar to processing the letters of the second-acquired alphabet than vice versa. Additionally, it is shown that searching for a letter in the other alphabet is faster than searching for a letter in the same alphabet, suggesting that alphabet categorization may precede letter identifica...

Abstract: An experiment was conducted to isolate the typicality effect in the overall categorization process. Subjects were required to indicate whether or not a probe word was a member of one of a variable ...

Abstract: This paper describes a computer program that accepts as input a symbolic mathematical statement of an arbitrary mathematical programming problem, placing the problem into none or at least one of the categories: linear, quadratic, separable, posynomial, signomial, or convex. This categorization program is intended to reveal properties that can be exploited by special-purpose numerical computer programs-properties that might easily be overlooked because of the size of the problem, the complexity of the problem, or the limited knowledge of a novice who wishes to solve an optimization problem. The paper includes a brief demonstration of the program, a discussion of the underlying techniques, and a summary of the performance for some large problems.

Abstract: A theory has been proposed by Mulder that the tendency to take over superordinate power varies inversely with the power distance between ego and the target. As compared to the person who occupies the middle rank, an individual who is on the bottom rank has been shown to be less inclined to take over the top position. What will happen, however, if the latter individual had to act in terms of group instead of self? Will the induction of social categorization activate him to take over superordinate power? Three experimental conditions were set up by means of Mulder's cognitive representational method, using secondary school boys as subjects (N = 54). It was found that minimal social categorization did not enhance the tendency of the bottom member to take overpower. Enhancement effect was observed only in the condition of political categorization where the bottom member belonged to a majority group which had ingroup affinity to the source of power (p < .05). No such effect was found in the political categoriz...

Abstract: When subjects classify a two-word display as representing the “same” category or two “different” categories, semantic similarity between the words facilitates “same” decisions but impedes “different” decisions. The present research investigated whether the similarity effect observed for categorization would also be found in synonym comprehension; that is, the task of deciding whether two words are or are not synonymous. Experiment 1 found that an increase in semantic similarity between two “partial” synonyms facilitated synonym response latency. Experiment 2 found that an increase in the similarity between two nonsynonyms impeded nonsynonym response latency. Thus, the similarity effect on categorization latency and on synonym comprehension resemble each other. Moreover, models of the categorization process that account for the similarity effect on categorization appear to be applicable to synonym comprehension.

Abstract: The following topics are discussed, inadequacies of existing modes of chemical regulation; congressional authorization to use categories in administering TSCA; proposed basis for regulatory policy: categorization of chemicals according to structure-activity relationships; categorization and the substantial evidence test; and use of categories to facilitate the administration of TSCA. (HLW)

Abstract: HEIDENHEIMER, PATRICIA. Logical Relations in the Semantic Processing of Children between Six and Ten: Emergence of Antonym and Synonym Categorization. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 1243-1246. Previous theorizing and research suggest that the synonym relation develops earlier than the antonym relation in the child's semantic organization. This research fails to consider the possibility of different levels of processing for different classes of word stimulus and lacks controls for form class in its test word selection. In the present study, developmental sequence in the emergence of antonyms and synonyms was investigated by means of word association and false recognition tasks. The same set of nonobject words were used as the stimuli in each task. The subjects were 12 girls and 12 boys from grades 1, 3, and 5. Converging results were obtained for both tasks. First-grade subjects produced significantly more antonyms than synonyms and there was a significant increase in synonym production with age. In the word association task, the decline in context (that is, concrete exemplar and spatiotemporal) responses after first grade was highly significant and supported the hypothesis of a major shift to a higher-order level of lexical and logical organization.

Abstract: Systematic criticism of Wordsworth has come to resemble the art of gem cutting. Faced with the unhewn stone of the total canon, the critic searches for the precise cleavage point which, when tapped with crisp authority, will reveal those facets of the work that had been inherent in the shapeless mass all along. Different cleavage points produce different finished gems, of course, but with Wordsworth the results always seem to bear distinct similar ities: two stones are produced, one which may be a trifle small but has perfect finish and clarity and another which is substantial but deeply flawed. Unfortunately, a great quantity of useless chips and dust must also be quietly brushed aside after the operation has been completed. Hence, our two Words worths—natural and supernatural, mystical and sacramental, empirical and transcendental, rebel and Tory, young and old, deep and sheep—who may be as much the products of our prevailing critical methods as of internal contra dictions in the canon—half-created and half-perceived. 1

Abstract: AVLINE is an on-line data base maintained by the National Library of Medicine containing references to over 5,000 nationally available nonprint materials Each title is screened for technical quality, processed according to NLM's categorization, and undergoes descriptive and subject cataloging In addition to the bibliographic control, an assessment is made of educational potential and content validity by the peer appraisal process of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) AVLINE is available through the computer network that supports the MEDLINE system The data base offers the use of a wide range of sophisticated retrieval possibilities