Topic
Card stacking
About: Card stacking is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 24 publications have been published within this topic receiving 108 citations.
Papers
1 Jan 2021
TL;DR: This paper will act as a base for researchers to use various other machine and deep learning techniques in differentiating the propagandist text from non-propagandistText using supervised machine learning algorithm.
Abstract: Online social networks are being used to express and freely communicate the information. Some of the popular social networking sites (SNS) used for this purpose are Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. Most of the people/bots use these SNS for spreading hoaxes, misinformation, disinformation and propaganda. Propaganda is the latest trend that is used mainly to gain religious and political influence by the help of various techniques like bandwagon, card stacking and glittering. In this research paper, efforts were made to differentiate propagandist text from non-propagandist text using supervised machine learning algorithm. Data was collected from the news sources from July 2018–August 2018. After annotating the text, feature engineering was done using various techniques like term frequency/inverse document frequency (TF/IDF) and bag of words (BOW). These features were supplied to support vector machine classifier (SVM) which showed a good accuracy having an F1-score of 0.81 for non-propagandist text and 0.58 for propagandist text. This paper will act as a base for researchers to use various other machine and deep learning techniques in differentiating the propagandist text from non-propagandist text.
19 citations
Patent•
26 Dec 1939
TL;DR: In this article, a mechanism for stacking cards such as are used in tabulating or other like-machines is described, which may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States for governmental purposes without the payment to me of any royalty thereon, in accordance with the law.
Abstract: This invention relates to mechanism for stacking cards such as are used in tabulating or other like-machines. The invention may. be- manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States for governmental purposes without the payment to me of any royalty thereon, in accordance...
16 citations
Patent•
[...]
15 Oct 1938
TL;DR: In this paper, a card depositing device was proposed for tabulating and sorting machines with holes or other index marks, where the card after having passed through the machine is diverted above the depositing pocket by an inclined...
Abstract: The present invention relates to card depositing devices utilized in card controlled machines such as tabulating and sorting machines controlled by cards with holes or other index marks, wherein the card after having passed through the machine is diverted above the depositing pocket by an inclined...
13 citations
Patent•
[...]
2 Feb 1998
TL;DR: A card game in which cards can be readily assembled and disassembled from a wide variety of three dimensional structures is presented in this paper.The game includes card holders which enable cards to be assembled into a structure with card extending along several axes normal to one another and with a plurality of cards extending vertically upward from a support surface.
Abstract: A card game in which cards can be readily assembled and disassembled from a wide variety of three dimensional structures. The game includes card holders which enable cards to be assembled into a structure with card extending along several axes normal to one another and with a plurality of cards extending vertically upward from a support surface.
11 citations
22 Mar 1995
TL;DR: Examining basic propaganda techniques in terms of the principles of general semantics makes it clear what propagandists are trying to do, and why their techniques work.
Abstract: Although the editors of Propaganda Analysis, the journal of the Institute of Propaganda Analysis, Inc., didn't cite Korzybski's work in their 1937 article that includes a list of "the seven common propaganda devices," (1) Korzybski and the Institute were talking about related matters. The Institute's seven propaganda devices (name calling, glittering generalities, transfer, testimonials, plain folks, card stacking, and band wagon) are classic examples of the violation of the principles of general semantics. But, that stands to reason. As Neil Postman points out, "propaganda" refers to a use of language designed to evoke a particular kind of response. (2) Korzybski and his associates intended that general semantics formulations and methods would help us communicate more clearly and immunize us against distorted communication. But propagandists exploit such techniques to influence thinking in whatever direction they want. Examining basic propaganda techniques in terms of the principles of general semantics makes it clear what propagandists are trying to do, and why their techniques work. The "Big Six" Basic Principles of General Semantics While Korzybski developed the basic formulations and terms, Wendell Johnson gave Korzybski's ideas a somewhat different structure and identified "three basic notions" as well as "three main principles." (3) The six fundamental ideas are: * Non-identity. The word is not the thing. * Non-allness. One can never know or say all about anything. * Self-reflexiveness. People make abstractions of abstractions. * Probability principle. Where everything changes, probability - not certainty - is the basic idea. * Symbol-signal reactions. Symbol reactions involve thinking before reacting; signal reactions are stereotypical and automatic. * Extensionalization. Extensionalization is the scientific method - questioning, observing, evaluating, and revising. It refers also to non-verbal definitions. Propaganda's "Basic Seven" are the Abuse of General Semantics' "Basic Six" The Institute of Propaganda Analysis' seven basic propaganda techniques are really the abuse or exploitation of the six basic ideas of general semantics. NAME CALLING Name Calling. Here the propagandist gives a negative label to whatever the propagandist wants others to view negatively. The propagandist wants reactions to the negative label, not to evidence. An example would be to inappropriately label a group as "terrorists." A General Semantics Interpretation * Non-identity. The label "terrorist" evokes negative feelings, and the propagandist hopes the audience will respond the same way to the group. But the label is not the group. * Non-allness. The name is not all there is to say about the group. The propagandist hopes the label "terrorist" is sufficient for the audience to form opinions without realizing there is more to be said about the group. * Self-reflexiveness. The propagandist hopes the audience won't see the label "terrorist" as an abstraction of some behavior. But the label is an abstract, and as such is incomplete and inaccurate. * Probability principle. Things change. Even if the name had some basis once, it may no longer fit. The propagandist hopes the audience will assume that if the label fit once, it always will be accurate. * Symbol-signal reaction. The propagandist wants people to react automatically and negatively to the label "terrorist" without questioning the evidence. * Extensionalization. Here the propagandist hopes the audience will not ask whether the terrorist label has any basis in fact, and will not seek non-verbal evidence. GLITTERING GENERALITIES Glittering Generalities. Propagandists use vague, abstract, positive terms - "virtue" words the institute called them - to win approval. They want reactions to the positive label, not to evidence. …
7 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2021 | 2 |
| 2018 | 2 |
| 2016 | 1 |
| 2015 | 1 |
| 2014 | 1 |
| 2013 | 1 |