Capraria

Abstract: Leaf samples of mostly herbarium specimens (237 species of 172 genera) were cleared. Internal secretory structures of large size or unusual shape were detected and observed. Selected samples were processed into resin and sectioned for light microscopy or prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Adding results from two earlier publications, our survey includes 365 species from 174 genera. Five types of internal secretory structure, mostly unknown previously in the traditional Scrophulariaceae, occur in only nine genera: 1) single-celled subepidermal idioblasts, empty at maturity, in Scrophularia and Verbascum (Lersten and Curtis 1997), 2) 2–16 (or more)-celled nodules, with fibrous contents, in mid-mesophyll strata of Graderia and Radamaea, 3) epithelium-lined oil cavities in Leucophyllum (Lersten and Beaman 1998) and Capraria, 4) Kranz-type enlarged bundle sheath in Anticharis, and 5) paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) in Picria and Bonnaya.

Abstract: Four new tribes of Scrophulariaceae are described: Alonsoeae, Bowkerieae, Caprarieae, and Freylineae. The Globulariaceae are given new status as a tribe in the Scrophulariaceae. The relationships of many genera within the Scrophulariaceae are poorly understood. Thirty tribes are generally recognized, though some of these are clearly polymorphic and genera exist that do not fit within any recognized tribe. Recognition of the following tribes clarifies some of the relationships within the family. Alonsoeae Barringer, tribus nov. TYPE: Alonsoa Ruiz & Pavon. Herbae suffruticesve. Folia opposita vel verticillata. Inflorescentia centripeta, uniformis. Corolla explanato-rotata, resupinata, tubus nullus, labium posticum exterius. Stamina 4, antheris divaricatis vel in unam confluentes. Staminodia carentes. Capsula septicida, valvis integris bifidisve. Semina exarata. Herbs or subshrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, resupinate; lower bracts leaflike, the upper reduced. Pedicels ebracteolate. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes imbricate. Corolla rotate, resupinate, the lower lobes (from resupination) outermost in bud. Stamens 4, anthers unithecate and reniform or bithecate and parallel to divaricate; staminodes lacking. Ovary biloculate, with many ovules; stigma subcapitate. Capsule septicidal, the valves entire or bifid. Seed with a solid, longitudinally furrowed coat. A single genus native to Andean South America, Central America, and South Africa: Alonsoa Ruiz & Pavon, Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 150. 1798. TYPE: Alonsoa caulialata Ruiz & Pavon fide Pennell (1920). The true affinities of this tribe are difficult to discern. Bentham (1846) included it in the tribe Hemimerideae, but it is unlike any of the other genera in the tribe. Its often unithecate anthers, rotate corolla, and furrowed seeds are reminiscent of Verbascum L. It appears to be most closely related to Verbascum and Scrophularia L., which also have harpagioside and related 83-8a-methyl substituted iridoids (Nicoletti et al., 1988). These compounds appear to mark a distinct clade within the Scrophulariales that also includes Capraria L. and the Pedaliaceae. While most species of Alonsoa are neotropical, Roux (1985) and Steiner (1989) have found South African plants that they refer to the genus. Similar plants were described by Kunze (1841) as Schistanthe Kunze, because they differed from Alonsoa in having the corolla slightly saccate, the two lowermost corolla lobes split to the base and the capsules ovate, obtuse, and emarginate (Hilliard & Burtt, 1984). They also differ in having eliaophores in the corolla sacs similar to those found in the South African Hemimerideae and the neotropical Angeloneae and Melospermeae. Whether the South African species are placed in Alonsoa or Schistanthe, they are closely related to the South American species (Steiner, 1989) and would also be placed in this tribe. Bowkerieae Barringer, tribus nov. TYPE: Bowkeria Harvey. Frutex arboresve. Folia opposita vel verticillata. Inflorescentia composita, pedunculis cymoso-multifloris rarius unifloris bibracteatis. Corolla tubo brevi. Stamina 4 vel 2, antherarum loculis apice confluentibus. Staminodia parva vel carentes. Capsula septicida, valvis integris bifidisve. Semina reticulata. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite or verticillate. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes, sometimes forming panicles; not resupinate; bracts grading into leaves. Pedicels ebracteolate. Calyx 5-lobed, rarely 3-lobed, lobes imbricate or valvate. Corolla campanulate to funnelform with a conspicuous sac or pouch in the distal half of the tube, the upper lobes exterior in bud. Stamens 4 with 1 staminode occasionally present, or stamens 2 with 2 or 3 staminodes, anthers confluent, reniform. Ovary biloculate or rarely triloculate, with many ovules; stigma punctiform or slightly bifid. Capsule septicidal, the valves sometimes bifid. Seed with loose, thin reticulate coat. Three genera native to southern Africa: Ixianthes Bentham, Companion Bot. Mag. 2: 54. 1835. TYPE: Ixianthes retzioides Bentham. NOVON 3: 15-17. 1993. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.94 on Sat, 19 Nov 2016 04:22:55 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Abstract: The taxonomy of Silene nocturna subsp. boullui (putatively endemic to W Corsica) and S. valsecchiae (putatively endemic to E Sardinia) is investigated, by means of morphometric and karyological analyses. Both taxa resulted diploid with 2n = 24 chromosomes. On the basis of morphological results, we confirm the species rank for S. valsecchiae , and consider S. nocturna subsp. boullui as the priority name, at subspecies rank, for S. nocturna subsp. capraria (= S. reflexa ).