TL;DR: Relationships among plant fertilization, plant phytochemical compositions, and the performance of Pieris butterfly larvae are explored and results indicate that P. rapae-crucivora performed relatively better on high-nutrient plants.
Abstract: In this study, we explored relationships among plant fertilization, plant phytochemical compositions, and the performance of Pieris butterfly larvae. Cabbages (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) were grown under 2 levelsof nutrients, and their foliar chemistry (water, nitrogen, and total glucosinolates) was measured. Two species of cabbage white butterflies, Pieris rapae crucivora and P. canidia canidia, were reared on foliage from each of the 2 treatments to measure insect performance. Oviposition responses of P. rapae crucivora and P. canidia canidia to fertilized vs. unfertilized host plants were compared using choice tests. Foliar water and nitrogen contents increased with increased nutrient availability. Concentrations of total glucosinolates, however, decreased with increased nutrient availability. For the most part, insect performance varied significantly between the 2 nutrient treatments. Both insect species performed well on the fertilized treatments which contained high water and nitrogen, but low glucosinolate contents. Ovipositional female butterflies of both species were also found to prefer fertilized plants. Finally, our results also indicate that P. rapae-crucivora performed relatively better on high-nutrient plants.
TL;DR: According to this study, Glenea indiana and G. galathea commixed by Breuning (1956) includes several species and they are separated into two species group and the three following species are reinstated.
Abstract: According to our study, Glenea indiana and G. galathea commixed by Breuning (1956) includes several species and they are separated into two species group. Four new species of Glenea Newman are described: G. diffi cilis Lin & Tavakilian n. sp., G. pseudocaninia Lin & Montreuil n. sp., G. pseudoindiana Lin & Yang n. sp., and G. problematica Lin & Yang n. sp. The three following species are reinstated: G. mouhoti Thomson 1865, G. canidia Thomson 1865 and G. caninia Heller 1926. G. travancorana Pic 1943 was considered as junior synonym of G. caninia Heller 1926. Lectotype of G. caninia Heller, lectotype and paralectotype of G. cassandra Gahan are designated. Photographs of habitus and terminalia of nine species are presented and followed by an identifi cation key. The problem regarding subgenera is briefl y discussed.
TL;DR: The comparative functional analysis on P. canidia bacterial communities with PICRUSt showed the enrichment of several pathways including those for energy metabolism, immune system, digestive system, xenobiotics biodegradation, transport, cell growth and death.
Abstract: We characterized the gut microbial composition and relative abundance of gut bacteria in the larvae and adults of Pieris canidia by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The gut microbiota structure was similar across the life stages and sexes. The comparative functional analysis on P. canidia bacterial communities with PICRUSt showed the enrichment of several pathways including those for energy metabolism, immune system, digestive system, xenobiotics biodegradation, transport, cell growth and death. The parameters often used as a proxy of insect fitness (development time, pupation rate, emergence rate, adult survival rate and weight of 5th instars larvae) showed a significant difference between treatment group and untreated group and point to potential fitness advantages with the gut microbiomes in P. canidia. These data provide an overall view of the bacterial community across the life stages and sexes in P. canidia.