Calque

Abstract: 1. Introduction A troubled relationship Langue/parole Signifier/signified Paradigmatic and syntagmatic: word sets and collocations Sociolinguistics and pragmatics 2. Sub-Word Components Sound Morphemes Componential analysis 3. Semantics Semantic fields Word relations Connotation Word meaning and translation 4. Translation Techniques Russian approaches (Shveitser and Retsker) Translation as 'analogy' Translation as 'adequacy' Concretization Logical derivation Antonymic translation Compensation The view from Canada (Vinay and Darbelnet) Borrowing Calque Literal translation Transposition Modulation Equivalence Adaptation An American model (Malone) Matching: Substitution and Equation Zigzagging: Divergence and Convergence Recrescence: Amplification and Reduction Repackaging: Diffusion and Condensation Reordering Critique 5. Equivalence Catford and textual equivalence Kida and dynamic equivalence Komissarov's sharp and fuzzy equivalence 6. Beyond the Word Generative grammar Shveitser: translation and rewriting rules Malone and bridge building 7. Beyond the Sentence: Context and Register Context Communicative event and register Register Register and language user Register and language use Register in paractice 8. Text Structure Theme/rheme and functional sentence perspective Cohesion Cohesion through repetition Cohesion through ellipsis Cohesion through reference Parataxis and hypotaxis Coherence Translation as text 9. Text Functions Language functions Text functions and types Reiss and the monofunctional approach The multifunctional approach Function-altering translation Overt and covert translation 10. Sociolinguistics 11. Pragmatics Presupposition Speech acts Implicature 12. Psycholinguistics Relevance theory Translation strategies Conclusion and Perspectives

Abstract: This research is aimed to describe, to explain the techniques, methods, ideologies and to assess the quality of acceptability of the translation on the target text ‘NANDA Internasional Diagnosis Keperawatan : Definisi dan Klasifikasi 2012-2014’. This research was a descriptive qualitative research. The design was embedded case study focusing on a single case. This research consists of two types of data source. The first data source was documents which involved source books and translated product. The second data source was collected from two validators who gave assessment about acceptability of translation. There were three categories of translation, acceptable: the scale 3, less acceptable: the scale 2, and inacceptable: the scale 1. Technique of collecting data was content analysis, reading technique and noting technique. The data were analyzed using equivalent method. The results of research show that from the total of 980 data, there were 8 translation technique types which were used by the translator in translating the book, that are literal technique, natural borrowing technique, calque technique, pure borrowing technique, reduction technique, adaptation technique, addition technique, and deletion technique. From those eight techniques, literal technique is the most dominant because from the data found, the translator used word by word in translating. It means that, if there was a word form in SL, then it would be translated into word and also for phrase and sentence. Based on the technique that dominantly appears, the translation tends to refer to SL Emphasis. Theoretically, the techniques tend to use literal technique, naturalized borrowing technique, pure borrowing technique, and calque technique which were based on source language. Therefore, the translation methods chosen by the translator were word for word, literal, and semantic. Then, the foregnization ideology tended to be used in this book because nursing terms include as particular and sensitive terms. So that the terms used still tend to source language oriented. Then, the impact of the application of those translation techniques toward the quality of acceptability of the translation was good enough. The acceptable category got the first rank than less acceptable and inacceptable, because the data found in this reseach were natural, smooth and flexible. It does not look like translation. Beside that, there was different assessment between validator I and validator II, because of different study background between them. The result of this research tended to refer to validator II, because she is more qualified in nursing field.

Abstract: This article aims to examine the relationship between style and translation from two complementary perspectives: how the style of original texts fares in translation and how the style of individual translators or groups of translators sharing a common poetics becomes visible in their translated work. The first aspect is illustrated through an analysis of transitivity patterns in a passage from Henry James’s ‘The Turn of the Screw’, and of deviations from those patterns in two Catalan translations of the story. As to the second, the focus is on the notion of structural calque as displayed by the work of two prominent Catalan translators, Josep Carner and Carles Riba. Riba’s tendency to calque in his translation of Poe’s ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’ is broken down into two aspects of structure: word order and transitivity.

Abstract: The present research explores translation procedures and strategies employed in current English-Kurdish translation of written media discourse. It is located within Toury’s (1995/2012) framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). The research sets out to contribute to Translation Studies, specifically the study of journalism translation. Despite the fact that translation has been an inseparable part of media and journalism activities for decades, if not centuries, the systematic study of media translation is as recent as the turn of the new millennium. This study focuses on English-Kurdish translation of written media discourse, which has remained largely under-researched. The study precisely sets out to identify the patterns of translation procedures and the overall translation strategies prevalent in Kurdish translations of English journalistic texts. To do so, a composite model is formulated based on an integration of three influential taxonomies of translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958/1995), Newmark (1988) and Dickins, Hervey and Higgins (2002). The model is applied to a set of 45 journalistic texts translated from English into Kurdish, which altogether make a corpus of approximately 75,000 words. A comparative analysis of ST-TT coupled pairs is carried out to identify patterns of translation procedures at the linguistic as well as cultural level. To look at the findings from a different perspective, a research questionnaire is also conducted with English-Kurdish translators working in the Kurdish media. Based on the patterns of translation procedures, the overall transition strategies are then determined. Analysis in Chapters 6, 7 and 8 leads to the conclusion that literal translation, borrowing and omission are the most frequent translation procedures at the linguistic level, and cultural borrowing, cultural redomestication and calque are the most frequent at the cultural level, keeping in mind that the notion of cultural redomestication constitutes the present study’s major contribution to Translation Studies. As for the overall strategies, semantic translation is the predominant orientation of the linguistic aspect of the translation, while foreignization is the predominate orientation of the cultural aspect of the translation.