TL;DR: Bayesian analyses of sequences from three genes including data from 162 vetigastropod species show that the gastropod family Trochidae is not monophyletic, and the family makes up the superfamily Trochoidea.
Abstract: Trochoidea are a large superfamily of morphologically and ecologically diverse marine gastropods. We present here an appraisal of the composition and relationships among trochoidean families based on molecular data, with an especial focus on the family Trochidae. Bayesian analyses of sequences from three genes (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI) including data from 162 vetigastropod species show that the gastropod family Trochidae (sensu Hickman & McLean (1990), Natural History Museum Los Angeles County Science Series, 35, 1–169) is not monophyletic. Recognition of Chilodontidae, Solariellidae and Calliostomatidae at the family level is supported. Our new, more limited, definition of Trochidae includes the subfamilies Stomatellinae, Lirulariinae and Umboniinae and redefined Trochinae, Cantharidinae and Monodontinae. Halistylinae are provisionally retained in the Trochidae based on previous morphological studies. As redefined, Trochidae are a predominantly shallow-water radiation in the tropics and subtropics. Some subfamilies and genera previously included in Trochidae have been moved to an enlarged family Turbinidae. The family Turbinidae has been redefined to include Turbininae, Skeneinae, Margaritinae, Tegulinae, Prisogasterinae and most surprisingly the commercially important genus Tectus Montfort, 1810. The new definition of Turbinidae means that the family includes both predominantly shallow and deep-water clades as well as genera that are distributed across the globe from the poles to the tropics. A greater range of habitat is now seen in Turbinidae than in Trochidae. The redefined Trochidae and Turbinidae, together with Solariellidae, Calliostomatidae and Liotiidae, make up the superfamily Trochoidea. Phasianellidae and Colloniidae are recognized as belonging in a new superfamily, Phasianelloidea, and Angaria Roding, 1798 is recognized as belonging in a new superfamily, Angarioidea. Placement of Areneidae into a superfamily awaits further work.
TL;DR: Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequence data from one nuclear gene and three mitochondrial genes propose dramatic changes to Trochidae family systematics, present the first molecular phylogeny for Calliostomatidae and include the first published sequence data for the enigmatic subfamily Thysanodontinae.
TL;DR: The morphology of Calliostoma adspersum, C. depictum and C. hassler, from the Brazilian coast, were studied in detail and it is concluded that C. vinosum is a synonym of C.Hasler, because specimens identifiable as both species occur within a single ontogenetic series.
Abstract: The morphology of Calliostoma adspersum, C. depictum and C. hassler, from the Brazilian coast, were studied in detail. Their anatomy has particularities that may be unique to the genus, such as: presence of an ampulla in the female; reduction or loss of the cephalic lappets; presence of a pseudoproboscis; occurrence of the intestinal loop outside the head-foot haemocoel. At species level, we conclude that C. vinosum is a synonym of C. hassler, because specimens identifiable as both species occur within a single ontogenetic series. Calliostoma hassler can be distinguished by: lack of the left dorsal esophageal fold, absence of a gastric spiral caecum and presence of an intestine with two wide loops. Based on anatomical evidence, we concluded that C. depictum is not a synonym of C. adspersum, differing by strongly convex whorls and a distinct suture; a marked groove near the columella; an odontophore partially covered by the mid-esophagus; absence of the pair of odontophore muscles m8a; a ventral esophageal fold of the same size as the dorsal folds; and a reduced spiral caecum with 0.5 whorl.
TL;DR: Four new species of Anatomidae are described: Anatoma herberti n.sp.
Abstract: Four new species of Anatomidae are described: Anatoma herberti n. sp. with strong axial sculpture on the shoulder and base; A. austrolissa n. sp. with almost smooth sculpture except for axial cords in the adumbilical half of the base; A. boucheti n. sp. with sunken protoconch and selenizone that starts after more than one teleoconch I whorl; and A. fl exidentata n. sp. with a highly modifi ed radula, shared only with A. austrolissa, among known anatomid species. Three of the species are only known from the Indian Ocean, while the more deep-water A. austrolissa is known from Reunion Island and New South Wales, Australia. The radula of A. flexidentata and A. austrolissa is strikingly different from that of other Anatomidae and Vetigastropoda in that it has flexible equally-shaped teeth in the central field and filamentous teeth in the marginal fi eld. Similar radular morphologies are known from Calliostomatidae.