Abstract: JavaScript is a powerful scripting programming language that has gained a lot of attention this past decade. Initially used exclusively for client-side web development, it has evolved to become one of the most popular programming languages, with developers now using it for both client-side and server-side application development. Similar to applications written in other programming languages, JavaScript applications contain code smells, which are poor design choices that can negatively impact the quality of an application. In this paper, we investigate code smells in JavaScript server-side applications with the aim to understand how they impact the fault-proneness of applications. We detect 12 types of code smells in 537 releases of five popular JavaScript applications (i.e., express, grunt, bower, less.js, and request) and perform survival analysis, comparing the time until a fault occurrence, in files containing code smells and files without code smells. Results show that (1) on average, files without code smells have hazard rates 65% lower than files with code smells. (2) Among the studied smells, “Variable Re-assign” and “Assignment In Conditional statements” code smells have the highest hazard rates. Additionally, we conduct a survey with 1,484 JavaScript developers, to understand the perception of developers towards our studied code smells. We found that developers consider “Nested Callbacks”, “Variable Re-assign” and “Long Parameter List” code smells to be serious design problems that hinder the maintainability and reliability of applications. This assessment is in line with the findings of our quantitative analysis. Overall, code smells affect negatively the quality of JavaScript applications and developers should consider tracking and removing them early on before the release of applications to the public.

Abstract: We use an audit study approach to investigate how unemployment duration, age, and holding a low- level interim job while applying for a better job affect the likelihood that experienced college-educated females applying for an administrative support job receive a callback from potential employers. First, the results show no relationship between callback rates and unemployment duration. Second, workers age fifty and older are significantly less likely to receive a callback. Third, taking an interim job significantly reduces the likelihood of receiving a callback. Finally, employers who have higher callback rates respond less to observable differences across workers in determining whom to call back.

Abstract: Testing JavaScript code is important JavaScript has grown to be among the most popular programming languages and it is extensively used to create web applications both on the client and server We present the first empirical study of JavaScript tests to characterize their prevalence, quality metrics (eg code coverage), and shortcomings We perform our study across a representative corpus of 373 JavaScript projects, with over 54 million lines of JavaScript code Our results show that 22% of the studied subjects do not have test code About 40% of projects with JavaScript at client-side do not have a test, while this is only about 3% for the purely server-side JavaScript projects Also tests for server-side code have high quality (in terms of code coverage, test code ratio, test commit ratio, and average number of assertions per test), while tests for client-side code have moderate to low quality In general, tests written in Mocha, Tape, Tap, and Nodeunit frameworks have high quality and those written without using any framework have low quality We scrutinize the (un)covered parts of the code under test to find out root causes for the uncovered code Our results show that JavaScript tests lack proper coverage for event-dependent callbacks (36%), asynchronous callbacks (53%), and DOM-related code (63%) We believe that it is worthwhile for the developer and research community to focus on testing techniques and tools to achieve better coverage for difficult to cover JavaScript code

Abstract: JavaScript is a widely used programming language that makes extensive use of asynchronous computation, particularly in the form of asynchronous callbacks. These callbacks are used to handle tasks, from GUI events to network messages, in a non-blocking fashion.Asynchronous callbacks present developers with two challenges. First, JavaScript's try/catch error-handling mechanism is not sufficient for proper error handling in asynchronous contexts. In response, the JavaScript community has come to rely on the error-first protocol, an informal programming idiom that is not enforced or checked by the runtime. Second, JavaScript callbacks are frequently nested, making them difficult to handle (also known as callback hell). Fortunately, a recent language extension called promises provides an alternative to asynchronous callbacks. The adoption of promises, however, has been slow as refactoring existing code to use promises is a complex task.We present a set of program analysis techniques to detect in-stances of asynchronous callbacks and to refactor such callbacks, including callbacks with the error-first protocol, into promises. We implement our techniques in a tool called PromisesLand. We perform a manual analysis of four JavaScript applications to evaluate the tool's precision and recall, which are, on average, 100% and 83%, respectively. We evaluate PromisesLand on 21 large JavaScript applications, and find that PromisesLand (1) correctly refactors callbacks to promises, (2) outperforms a recent related refactoring technique, and (3) runs in under three seconds on all of our evaluation targets.

Abstract: The invention provides a virtual key authorization method and system, a mobile terminal and a server The method comprises: receiving an authorization request, sent by a second mobile terminal, by a first mobile terminal; sending the authorization request to the server; after certification of the server is passed, receiving a callback address and an authorization code which are sent by the server; sending the callback address to the second mobile terminal through a first application program of the first mobile terminal; after the second mobile terminal is confirmed through a first application program in the second mobile terminal, feeding back to the first application program of the first mobile terminal through the callback address; sending the authorization code to the second mobile terminal by the first application program, and accessing a vehicle by the second mobile terminal according to the authorization code According to the virtual key authorization method and system, the mobile terminal and the server, provided by the invention, an interactive process of acquiring the authorization code is reduced, and the efficiency is improved; meanwhile, the safety of a transmission process is guaranteed, and better operation experience, convenience and safety guarantee can be provided for both key authorization parties

Abstract: Web applications are inherently event-driven and traditionally implemented using imperative callbacks in Javascript. An alternative approach for such programs is functional reactive programming (FRP). FRP offers abstractions to make event-driven programming convenient, safe and composable, but like pure functions it is isolated from the 'outside' world. In this paper we describe our experience in developing a library that binds FRP to the document object model (DOM). We describe that in its current state there are fundamental issues that do not yet have a perfect solution. We expand upon the functionality of existing FRP DOM libraries with an FRP model for DOM properties. We show that despite of some design problems a pragmatic library can be created that can be used to create web applications.

Abstract: The invention provides an IPSAN-based socket communication method and device and storage equipment. The method comprises the steps that a socket for monitoring client requests is created and added into epoll, and a callback function is registered; the client requests are received, and a new connection file descriptor is added into epoll; when the file descriptor is readable, the callback function is called to analyze IPSAN requests, and an interface at the storage end is called to carry out io operation; a modification event corresponding to the writable file descriptor for which operation is finished is sent to a client side. By using the epoll technology, the event corresponding to the new connection file descriptor can be directly returned, a polling strategy is not adopted, the phenomenon that the efficiency is remarkably lowered along with increasing of the number of monitoring events is avoided, the problem that system exception is caused by limiting on the number of events can be solved, and the storage end concurrent volume is greatly improved.

Abstract: The embodiment of the invention discloses a page fluency testing method and device. The testing comprises the steps that page data of a to-be-tested page is loaded, wherein the page data comprises multiple image frames; a current to-be-drawn target image frame is determined, a corresponding callback function is registered for the target image frame, the callback function is called when the target image frame starts to be drawn, the drawing starting time of the image frame is recorded through the callback function, and a parameter reflecting the page fluency is acquired according to the drawing starting time of the target image frame and the drawing starting time of a history image frame. According to the scheme, the page fluency testing accuracy and efficiency can be improved.

Abstract: The invention provides a game data monitoring method and a game data monitoring device. In the scheme adopted in the invention, when a monitored game application is started up, a callback function and a logic modification function are injected into a game process of the game application, the callback function is used for capturing function data of at least one function currently operated in the game process, the logic modification function is used for intercepting and capturing a function currently operated in the game process; function data is acquired by virtue of the callback function; after a modification instruction for the acquired function data is acquired, the modification instruction can be sent to the logic modification function injected into the game process, so that when the logic modification function determines that the currently intercepted and captured function is an objective function required to be modified by the modification instruction, the objective function is modified according to modification mode information in the modification instruction. The method and the device can be used for improving the safety of function data operated by the game application.

Abstract: One of the challenges to analyze, test and debug Android apps is that the potential execution orders of callbacks are missing from the apps' source code, however, bugs, vulnerabilities and refactoring transformations have been found to be related to callback sequences Existing work on control flow analysis of Android apps focuses on analyzing GUI behaviors Our observation is that orthogonal to GUI, the Android API methods also play an important role in determining the order of callbacks, and previously, the APIs were modeled manually in an ad-hoc way This paper presents a complementary solution of constructing program paths for Android apps We proposed a specification called Predicate Callback Summary (PCS) that represents the callback control flow information (including callback sequences as well as the conditions the callbacks are invoked) in Android API methods Our experiments show we can compute PCSs with reasonable accuracy and scalability and use them to build inter-callback control flow graphs for apps Our detailed experimental data are available at: http://wwwcsiastateedu/~weile/toolsdata/SummarizeAndroidFramework/lithiumhtml

Abstract: We study a call center model with a postponed callback option. A customer at the head of the queue whose elapsed waiting time achieves a given threshold receives a voice message mentioning the option to be called back later. This callback option differs from the traditional ones found in the literature where the callback offer is given at customer’s arrival. We approximate this system by a two-dimensional Markov chain, with one dimension being a unit of a discretization of the waiting time. We next show that this approximation model converges to the exact one. This allows us to obtain explicitly the performance measures without abandonment and to compute them numerically otherwise. From the performance analysis, we derive a series of practical insights and recommendations for a clever use of the callback offer. In particular, we show that this time-based offer outperforms traditional ones when considering the waiting time of inbound calls.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for detecting whether privacy leakage vulnerability exists in an Android application software APP or not The method mainly solves the problems of low vulnerability detection speed, high detection environment requirements and low detection accuracy in the prior art The method comprises the realization processes of configuring an optimization detection file; limiting an assembly and callback of the detected Android application software APP; performing static stain data stream analysis on the limited assembly and callback to obtain a stain data stream path; further processing the stain path, building a function node sequence; expanding and filling with function nodes, performing pruning and compression processing, and connecting the processed function nodes to form a detail stain data flowing path; performing deduplication processing on the detail stain data flowing path; then, performing graphical output The method provided by the invention has the advantages that the speed of detecting the privacy leakage vulnerability of the Android application software APP is accelerated; the requirements on the detection environment and the vulnerability reproducing difficulty are reduced, so that the vulnerability analysis is faster and more accurate

Abstract: Systems and methods to selectively block calls from reaching destinations based on an input received from a callback connection. One embodiment includes a web server to receive a selection of an advertisement from an customer and to obtain a communication reference from the customer in response to the selection; a session border controller to interface with a packet switched network; and one or more telecommunication servers coupled to the session border controller and the web server, the one or more telecommunication servers to establish a connection for real time communications using the communication reference, to initiate a connection for real time communications with an advertiser of the advertisement after receiving an indication of acceptance of the connection established using the communication reference; where the advertiser is charged an advertisement fee in response to establishing a connection for real time communications between the advertiser and the customer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a quick display method and device of a webpage. The method comprises the following steps of: obtaining a webpage file; according to a first script code in the webpage file, creating a global variable and a global callback function; according to a second script code in the webpage file, loading dynamic data in an asynchronous loading way, and calling back the global callback function after the dynamic data succeeds in being appointed to be loaded, wherein the global callback function is used for storing the loaded dynamic data to the global variable; loading a style file in parallel when the dynamic data is loaded in the asynchronous loading way; and according to the style file and the dynamic data stored by the global variable, rendering the webpage. By use of the quick display method and device of the webpage, webpage display efficiency is improved.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method and a device for optimizing storage property based on TGT (linux target framework). The method comprises the following steps of preprocessing a data block; in a read-write interface function of TGT, adding a data request into a to-be-processed linked list, and returning back; utilizing an upper module to initiate a next data request; after the previous data request is processed on the bottom layer, informing the upper module through callback in an asynchronous manner. The device comprises a preprocessing unit, an adding unit, an initiating unit and an informing unit, wherein the preprocessing unit is used for preprocessing the data block; the adding unit is used for adding the data request into the to-be-processed linked list in the read-write interface function of TGT, and returning back; the initiating unit is used for initiating the next data request by the upper module; the informing unit is used for informing the upper module through callback in the asynchronous manner after the previous data request is processed at the bottom layer. The method and the device have the advantages that the problems of timeout waiting and process blocking are solved, and the product property is improved.

Abstract: The invention provides a multilevel menu page display method for an intelligent wearable device. A menu comprises multiple levels of pages which are displayed according to the levels and can execute device action instructions. The display method comprises the steps of storing and judging a current device state; and calling an action instruction callback function in a structure body, formed according to the multilevel menu, the corresponding pages of the multilevel menu and the action instructions, according to the current device state and a device action event, thereby enabling a device display module to perform recovery, maintenance or skip display of a page corresponding to a first-level menu in the multi-level menu. The invention furthermore discloses the intelligent wearable device. According to the method and the intelligent wearable device, the menu is divided through enumerated classification, so that the process is simplified and the multilevel menu is clearer; the skip or switching among different levels of pages is realized through a matching relationship between a structure body variable and the callback function; and the multilevel menu page display method for the intelligent wearable device, provided by the invention, has the advantages that the data structure is clearer, the control is easier, and the later addition and maintenance are facilitated.

Abstract: The invention provides a safety calling method for not displaying a real number in a car rental industry. When a car rental APP generates an order form, real numbers of a user and a driver are associated; the user or the driver initiates a call through the car rental APP; a call line between the user and the driver is established in a direct call manner or a callback manner; at this time, the user and the driver do not know mutual real numbers; and thus, the privacy of the user is protected sufficiently. When the user confirms that the order form is completed or the order form is cancelled, after the car rental APP receives notification, association of the numbers of the user and the driver is terminated; and, at this time, the user and the driver cannot contact with each other.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes methods, systems, and computer program products for providing additional stack trace information for time-based sampling (TBS) in asynchronous execution environments One computer-implemented method includes determining whether time-based sampling is activated to capture a time-based sampling data during execution of a JavaScript function; in response to determining that the time-based sampling is activated to capture the time-based sampling data, determining whether a callback stack trace is active; in response to determining that the callback stack trace is active, loading the callback stack trace; retrieving a current stack trace of the JavaScript function; and saving the loaded callback stack trace and the current stack trace of the JavaScript function as the time-based sampling data

Abstract: Event-driven programming frameworks, such as Android, are based on components with asynchronous interfaces. The protocols for interacting with these components can often be described by finite-state machines we dub *callback typestates*. Callback typestates are akin to classical typestates, with the difference that their outputs (callbacks) are produced asynchronously. While useful, these specifications are not commonly available, because writing them is difficult and error-prone. Our goal is to make the task of producing callback typestates significantly easier. We present a callback typestate assistant tool, DroidStar, that requires only limited user interaction to produce a callback typestate. Our approach is based on an active learning algorithm, L*. We improved the scalability of equivalence queries (a key component of L*), thus making active learning tractable on the Android system. We use DroidStar to learn callback typestates for Android classes both for cases where one is already provided by the documentation, and for cases where the documentation is unclear. The results show that DroidStar learns callback typestates accurately and efficiently. Moreover, in several cases, the synthesized callback typestates uncovered surprising and undocumented behaviors.

Abstract: The embodiment of the invention discloses a portable software platform and a method for quickly finishing a customized business, and a robot. The portable software platform comprises a loader, a business operation and controller component, and a service integration and controller component, wherein the loader is used for analyzing configuration information of plug-ins having uniform interfaces, and instantiating the plug-ins according to an analysis result, wherein the plug-ins having the uniform interfaces include a module, a callback, a drive, a module chain and a business state machine; the business operation and controller component is used for operating the instantiated business state machine, controlling a business process in the business state machine, and invoking multiple services referenced in the business process via the uniform interfaces; and the service integration and controller component is used for implementing the operation and controlling the multiple services by invoking the module, the callback, the drive and the module chain. According to the portable software platform and the method for quickly finishing the customized business, and the robot disclosed by the embodiment of the invention, a product can be iteratively developed in a simple and quick manner; and thus, the market requirement can be quickly met, and the development-maintenance cost is reduced.

Abstract: The invention discloses a data auditing method and apparatus, and belongs to the technical field of computers. The method is applied to an auditing server, and the method comprises the following steps: receiving business data sent by a business server, wherein the business data at least comprise target data packaged according to a predetermined data structure and a callback interface, and the callback interface uniquely corresponds to the business server; analyzing the data structure of the business data, and auditing the target data in the business data; and calling the callback interface to send an auditing result to the business server. By adoption of the data auditing method and apparatus disclosed by the invention, the technical problems that when different data are separately audited in related technology, the auditing efficiency is relatively low and that a large number of auditing personnel are required to complete the auditing work are solved, and the effect of auditing different data in a concentrated manner to improve the auditing efficiency is achieved.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method and module for data asynchronous processing with a synchronous information callback function and relates to the field of asynchronous data processing The method comprises the steps that a thread pool with a designated maximum thread quantity is established, a priority is added to a thread of each asynchronous data processing task, and the threads are added into the pool; when the threads in the pool are started, information executed by the asynchronous data processing task corresponding to the current thread is returned; time counting is started for the current thread according to a preset time counting cycle; the pool is used to call the current thread to start working, and stack information during abnormity occurrence is determined and returned when an abnormity takes place during work of the current thread; and whether the current thread is completed is detected at scheduled time According to the invention, the running quantity of the multiple threads can be controlled, and whether execution of the threads is completed is detected at scheduled time; and execution states of the asynchronous data processing tasks can be known, occupied resources of a CPU and consumed electric energy are reduced, and system performance can be ensured

Abstract: Programming language of today does not have concurrency semantics and the only way of developing concurrency is to use multithread based request/response architecture. This model of concurrency produces non deterministic nature of execution and leads issues of deadlock, race conditions and synchronization further leads problem of managing locks. We decided to use single threaded non blocking asynchronous communication as used in Node.js[1]. Actor[2][3][4] model uses non blocking asynchronous communication and event loop ensures single threaded model of control of execution to process one message at a time. Actors communicate by communication passing style using callback ( a mechanism of using function inside a function) has issues of Inversion of control or callback hell. So we decided to use Promise[5] a monad[6][7] as a return type of asynchronous communication. All the concurrent execution models Erlang[8], Salsa[9], Scala[10] developed in past supports thread based deployment model and does not abstract invocation from execution[8]. We support design by contract or programming through interfaces by developing a promise based concurrent abstraction framework. Using this abstraction we successfully integrated the components and designed the application of robotics subsumption model. Finally we concluded that promise based asynchronous communication is faster and takes less time than synchronous and callback based asynchronous communication.

Abstract: The invention relates to an asynchronous interface testing method, a testing terminal and a system The asynchronous interface testing method comprises the following steps: the testing terminal sends predetermined HTTP requests to to-be-tested synchronous HTTP callback interface equipment one by one; a service terminal receives returned HTTP data corresponding to each HTTP request sent by the asynchronous HTTP callback interface equipment, and sends the returned HTTP data to the testing terminal; the testing terminal acquires pre-stored standard HTTP data corresponding to the HTTP request, and tests the asynchronous HTTP callback interface according to the received returned HTTP data and the standard HTTP data By use of the testing method disclosed by the invention, the testing on the asynchronous HTTP callback interface can be realized, the security of performing unified application and management on the personal information based on the crawler technology is improved

Abstract: A mechanism is described for facilitating callback interrupt handling for multi-threaded applications in computing environments A method of embodiments, as described herein, includes detecting a task issued by a thread associated with an application processor, where the task is to be processed by a graphics processor at the apparatus The method may further include scheduling the task at the graphics processor, and emulating an interrupt to the application processor, where the emulated interrupt disables one or more graphics interrupts while the task is being processed by the graphics processor The method may further include facilitating an interrupt handler to communicate a signal to the application processor to wake up the thread, where the thread is facilitated to perform one or more tasks independent of the task being processed by the graphics processor

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for showing a dual-publicity data web page realized based on an Ajax asynchronous call technology. The method comprises the following steps: loading a showing interface of a dual-publicity page; sending a data asynchronous call request to a background web server through Ajax, registering a callback function, and continuously loading the showing interface; after receiving an answer of the server, automatically triggering the callback function, analyzing a received data packet by utilizing the callback function according to a preset rule, and updating an analysis result on the showing interface. The invention also provides a system corresponding to the method. According to the method and the system, disclosed by the invention, a dual-publicity page can be prevented from suffering from a false dead lock phenomenon during an access process, and the loading efficiency of the page is increased.

Abstract: A method and a callback notification system (CNS) are provided for sending a missed call ring alert (MCRA) from a source number to a destination number. The CNS receives communication information from a calling party device (CGPD) or a network thereof, when an unsuccessful communication attempt is made by the CGPD to contact a called party device (CDPD), and places a call to the destination number with an identification of an originator of the call as the source number using the communication information. The CNS identifies a ring of the CDPD when the call successfully reaches the destination number and terminates the call before chargeable completion of the call, thereby sending an MCRA from the source number of the CGPD to the destination number of the CDPD. The CNS sends one or more alternative callback notifications to the destination number, concurrently with the MCRA or if the MCRA is unsuccessful.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an implementation method and apparatus for advertisement common interfaces in an Android system, and relates to the technical field of interface development of the Android system. The method comprises: creating an advertisement loading callback common interface, and setting the implementation function of the interface as: completing the callback of an advertisement loading result; creating an abstract enumeration class common interface, and setting the implementation functions of the interface as: creating an advertisement loader of the advertisement platform and loading the advertisement corresponding to the advertisement platform; and creating an advertisement common loader, and setting the implementation functions of the loader as: creating an instance of the corresponding abstract enumeration class common interface, and by calling the implementation function of the abstract enumeration class common interface inherited by the instance, completing the advertisement loading of the advertisement platform. According to the technical scheme of the present invention, the developer is enabled to deal with the advertisement loading problems of different advertisement platforms simply, and not only the code amount is small and the development efficiency is high, but also the maintainability of the Android application is strong.