TL;DR: Reproductive isolation was studied in four syntopic species of Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae) at a site in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil and confirmed that a genetic barrier exists between Petunia (P. axillaris and P. integrifolia) and Calibrachoa.
TL;DR: The rapid radiations of Petunia and Calibrachoa are examples of how strong selective pressures for different pollinators, coupled with adaptation to edaphic and climatic differences, may drive the diversification of plants in the Pampas.
TL;DR: Two new species of Calibrachoa, C. irgangiana and C. longistyla, are described and illustrated from the Pampean region in southern South America, and both species are considered threatened.
Abstract: We describe and illustrate two new species of Calibrachoa, C. irgangiana and C. longistyla, from the Pampean region in southern South America. Calibrachoa irgangiana is characterized by a suite of characters: decumbent stems, viscid vestiture, the leaf midribs with a distinctive ligneous callus at the base, purple funnel-shaped corolla, and long stamens with connivent anthers opening at the mouth of the corolla tube. Calibrachoa longistyla is best recognized by its whitish corolla with the style apex and stigma exserted above the anthers of the longest stamens. Following the IUCN classification, both species are considered threatened.
TL;DR: Despite the fact that the Petunia species do not show marked molecular differences, they can be separated in two complexes, in good agreement with altitude data, and should have diverged from other clades at about 25 million years before present.
Abstract: Representatives from 11 Petunia Jussieu species in south and southeast Brazil were compared with two Calibrachoa La Llave & Lex., one Bouchetia Dunal, and two Nierembergia Ruiz & Pav. taxa in relation to DNA molecular variability. A total of 4532 base pairs related to one nuclear, five plastidial and one mitochondrial systems was investigated. Petunia and Calibrachoa, although separated among themselves, clearly differentiate from the two other genera. Despite the fact that the Petunia species do not show marked molecular differences, they can be separated in two complexes, in good agreement with altitude data. Petunia + Calibrachoa should have diverged from other clades at about 25 million years before present.
TL;DR: Several clades found in the phylogenetic trees corresponded to their distribution ranges, suggesting that recent speciation in the genus Petunia sensu Jussieu occurred independently in several different regions.