Calandrella

Abstract: An important question in biodiversity studies is whether disturbances in ecosystems will cause a net loss of species or whether such losses can be compensated by replacement of other species. We use two natural disturbances, fire and grazing, to examine the response of bird and arthropod communities in grasslands of Serengeti, Tanzania. Both burning and grazing by migrant ungulates take place at the end of the rains in June–July. We documented the communities before disturbance, then 1, 4 and 20 weeks after disturbance on three replicate plots and compared them with three undisturbed plots. Birds were recorded by observation, arthropods from pitfall, tray trap and sweepnet samples. We expected that as the grass biomass was reduced by either disturbance, bird communities would change with concomitant change in arthropod food abundance. Alternatively, bird communities would change not with the absolute amount of food but with the greater accessibility of food as the grass structure changed from long to short grass. Results showed first that both bird species richness and abundance increased after both types of disturbance, but burnt sites showed a greater increase than that for grazed sites. Second, there was a change in bird species composition with disturbance. The functionally equivalent athi short-toed lark (Calandrella athensis) was replaced by the red-capped lark (Calandrella cinerea). Third, the abundance of most groups of arthropods was lower on disturbed sites than those on undisturbed sites, and the reduction of arthropod numbers was greatest on burnt sites. These results imply that bird abundance did not occur through an increase in arthropod abundance but rather through a change in the grass structure making food more accessible; and the higher predation could have caused the lower arthropod abundance. In addition, some bird species replaced others thus functionally compensating for their loss.

Abstract: SUMMARY .1. The habitats of the Central Anatolian plateau are described. 2. A list of the birds seen during the years 1943 to 1946 is supplemented by the results of a small collection. 3. The habitat relations of Oenanthe spp. and Parus spp. respectively are described. 4. Ranges of Emberiza s. tschusii, Calandrella b. hermonemis and C. r. aharonii are extended and 14 species are recorded from Central Anatolia for the first time. 5. Spring arrival dates for passage and breeding migrants, and also arrival and departure dates for winter visitors, are tabulated. REFERENCES Bird, C. G. (1937). ‘The birds of Southern Asia Minor from Mersin to the Euphrates.’ Ibis 14 (1): 65–85.