Cactoideae

Abstract: Pereskia. The parsimony analysis supported a sister group relationship of Maihuenia and Opuntioideae. although the likelihood analysis did not. Blossfeldia. a monotypic genus of morphologically modified and ecologically specialized cacti. was identified as the sister group to all other Cactoideae. The tribe Cacteae was found to be sister to a largely unresolved clade comprising the genera Calvmmanthioum, Copiapoa. and Frailea, as well as two large and well-supported clades. Browningia sensu stricto (excluding Castellanosia), the two tribes Cereeae and Trichocereeae. and parts of the tribes Notocacteae and Rhipsalideae formed one clade. The distribution of this group is largely restricted to South America. The other clade consists of the columnar cacti of Notocacteae, various genera of Browningieae, Echinocereeae, and Leptocereeae. the tribes Hylocereeae and Pachycereeae. and Pfe'ifftra. A large portion of this latter group occurs in Central and North America and the Caribbean.

Abstract: The cacti are well-known desert plants, widely recognized by their specialized growth form and essentially leafless condition. Pereskia, a group of 17 species with regular leaf development and function, is generally viewed as representing the ‘‘ancestral cactus,’’ although its placement within Cactaceae has remained uncertain. Here we present a new hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships at the base of the Cactaceae, inferred from DNA sequence data from five gene regions representing all three plant genomes. Our data support a basal split in Cactaceae between a clade of eight Pereskia species, centered around the Caribbean basin, and all other cacti. Two other Pereskia clades, distributed mostly in the southern half of South America, are part of a major clade comprising Maihuenia plus Cactoideae, and Opuntioideae. This result highlights several events in the early evolution of the cacti. First, during the transition to stem-based photosynthesis, the evolution of stem stomata and delayed bark formation preceded the evolution of the stem cortex into a specialized photosynthetic tissue system. Second, the basal split in cacti separates a northern from an initially southern cactus clade, and the major cactus lineages probably originated in southern or west-central South America.

Abstract: We have recently described a hitherto unsuspected catechyl lignin polymer (C-lignin) in the seed coats of Vanilla orchid and in cacti of one genus, Melocactus (Chen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012, 109, 1772-1777.). We have now determined the lignin types in the seed coats of 130 different cactus species. Lignin in the vegetative tissues of cacti is of the normal guaiacyl/syringyl (G/S) type, but members of most genera within the subfamily Cactoidae possess seed coat lignin of the novel C-type only, which we show is a homopolymer formed by endwise β-O-4-coupling of caffeyl alcohol monomers onto the growing polymer resulting in benzodioxane units. However, the species examined within the genera Coryphantha, Cumarinia, Escobaria and Mammillaria (Cactoideae) mostly had normal G/S lignin in their seeds, as did all six species in the subfamily Opuntioidae that were examined. Seed coat lignin composition is still evolving in the Cactaceae, as seeds of one Mammillaria species (M. lasiacantha) possess only C-lignin, three Escobaria species (E. dasyacantha, E. lloydii and E. zilziana) contain an unusual lignin composed of 5-hydroxyguaiacyl units, the first report of such a polymer that occurs naturally in plants, and seeds of some species contain no lignin at all. We discuss the implications of these findings for the mechanisms that underlie the biosynthesis of these newly discovered lignin types.

Abstract: Basic anatomical features of Cactaceae have been studied since the sixteenth century. This anatomical research has focused on selected features related to different external forms or on stem photosynthetic metabolism. Anatomical stem features, however, have rarely been taken into consideration in systematic studies. Recent work has focused on the subfamily Cactoideae because it is the largest and most diverse subfamily of Cactaceae. Molecular analyses support the monophyly of Cactoideae, but tribal and generic relationships are mostly unresolved. A major goal of this study was to synthesize the available information about anatomical stem features of Cactoideae and to evaluate their usefulness in phylogenetic analysis. Although dermal and vascular tissues have been studied for nearly 350 species of Cactoideae, comprehensive investigations are needed for most members of specific genera or tribes. Phylogenetic analysis based on structural data (morphology and anatomy) showed that the subfamily Cactoideae is monophyletic. This result supports molecular evidence and corroborates that highly reduced leaves are the synapomorphy of this clade. With the exception of Cacteae and Rhipsalideae, the tribes are not monophyletic. The morphological characters that have been used to define the tribes are not synapomorphies and have evolved independently in different lineages. Some anatomical features are unique characters that distinguish terminal taxa; for example, silica grains in dermal and hypodermal cells inStenocereus, prismatic crystals in dermal and hypodermal cells ofNeobuxbaumia, and lack of medullary bundles in members of Cacteae. Most anatomical features, however, behave in a highly homoplasious manner in the analysis of the subfamily. Other studies at the tribal or generic level show that anatomical features are informative and contribute to support different clades. Further studies of Cactoideae, at different taxonomic levels, that include anatomical features, are needed in order to understand their evolution.