Abstract: Part I: Context - Introduction * The State of the City-Region * Trends and Prospects * City-Region 2020 * Part II: Key Sectors - The Built Environment * Travel and Transport * Land and Ecology * Water and Pollution * Energy and Climate * Economy and Work * Part III: Putting it Together - Lifestyle and Community * Regeneration * Funding the City-Region * Summary and Conclusions * Abbreviations and Acronyms * Core Indicators * Rio Principles and Agenda 21 * References * Index

Abstract: Much has been written in recent years on environmental ethics relating to the more general 'natural' environment but little specifically written about ethics of the built environment Ethics and the Built Environment responds to this need and offers a debate on the ethical dimension of building in all its forms from a variety of disciplinary perspectives and approaches This book should be of interest to architects, students of building and building design, environmentalists, politicians and general readers with an interest in ethics

Abstract: The Natural Hazards Review stands on the realization that natural disaster losses result from interactions between the physical world, the constructed environment, and the character of the societies and people who occupy them. The journal is dedicated to bringing together the physical, social, and behavioral sciences; engineering; and the regulatory and policy environments to provide a forum for cutting edge, holistic, and cross-disciplinary approaches to natural hazards loss and cost reduction. The journal offers a means for researchers and practitioners working together to publish the results of truly interdisciplinary and partnered approaches to loss reduction and long-term disaster resiliency. Engineering topics covered include the characterization of hazard forces and the planning, design, construction, maintenance, performance, and use of structures in the physical environment. Social and behavioral sciences topics addressed include a range of issues related to hazard mitigation and human response as well as significant issues related to the built environment such as land use, building standards, and the role of financial markets and insurance. The specific physical science topics covered include those pertinent to understanding the hazardous character of the world and the performance of the structures that we build to accommodate our way of life. More importantly, the journal features papers co-authored by people from a variety of specializations who bring a cross-disciplinary perspective to the complex factors that contribute to disasters in today’s -- and especially tomorrow’s -- world.

Abstract: Writings about disabled people are usually aspatial or lack geographical frames of reference. This is curious because geography is fundamental to an understanding of the social, economic, and political opportunities and/or constraints underpinning the lives of disabled people. This paper develops the contention that geographical and/or spatial terms of reference are important in understanding disabled people's lives. In developing this point, the paper seeks to describe and account for geographical variations in local authority policies and practices in addressing disabled people's access needs in the built environment. The paper adopts and develops, after Mark-Lawson & Warde (1987), the concept of 'local political environment' as a basis for understanding spatial variations in local authority policies and practices. Such ideas, in turn, are deployed with reference to postal survey and case study data, where I describe and explain aspects of the geography of access policies and practices in the United Kin...

Abstract: CONTRIBUTORS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cities and Transition: Changing Patterns or Urban Growth and Form in Canada Urban Canada in Transition to the Twenty-First Century: Trends, Issues, and Visions PART ONE: THE CONTEXT: URBAN SYSTEMS Canadian Cites in Continental Context: Global and Continental Perspectives on Canadian Development The Core-Periphery Structure of Canada's Urban Systems Growth and Transition in the Canadian Urban System Canadian Cities and Shifting Fortunes of Economic Development PART TWO: CITY-WIDE PROCESSES Cities as Real Estate Transportation and Communication The City as Social Space Form and Energy in the Urban Built Environment PART THREE: INTERNAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE CITY Central and Suburban Downtowns The Inner City Suburbs The City's Countryside PART FOUR: LAND USES AND ACTIVITIES Employment and Transitions in the City Housing Dynamics of the Canadian Retail Environment PART FIVE: GOVERNANCE AND PLANNING The Municipal Role in the Governance of Canadian Cities Planning Canadian Cities: Contexts, Continuity, Change Contemporary Planning: Issues and Innovations PART SIX: PRESSING ISSUES The Ecological Restructuring of Urban Form Cities of the Everyday: Socio-Spatial Perspectives on Gender, Difference, and Diversity Urban Homelessness in Canada Power and Decision-Making in the City: Political Perspectives APPENDIX 1: URBAN DEFINITIONS, STATISTICS CANADA, 1996 APPENDIX 2: SELECTED DATA ON CANADA'S CENSUS METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1996 INDEX

Abstract: The built environment has a tremendous impact on public safety. Zelinka and Brennan's SafeScape principles challenge planners and citizens alike to create vibrant, integrated, self-policing, and sustainable communities. The co-authors examine aspects of the urban environment that influence crime and the fear of crime and recommend strategies for building-or rebuilding-communities where residents feel safe and are safe. SafeScape communities empower citizens and offer many and varied opportunities for positive action. Their inherently safer design makes them easier and less costly to keep safe. Zelinka and Brennan focus on planning and design solutions that minimize opportunities for criminal and victim to come together. Throughout, they stress that these efforts will succeed only if they engage citizens, embrace diversity, and enhance a sense of community. Personal observations, case studies, and hundreds of photographs from communities across America make Safescape an interesting, practical, and inspiring guide to safer, livelier, and more inviting communities. This is compelling reading for planners, designers, public safety professionals, and elected officials. From the authors: Who should read Safescape ? We have written Safescape to appeal to a broad audience because crime and fear of crime are issues that most of us deal with on a daily basis. Whether you are a citizen, a planner, an architect, a landscape architect, a developer, an educator, or a law enforcement professional, you are most likely confronted with these issues. We examined the information needs of a variety of groups, and it became clear that a gap exists in the knowledge being disseminated and the concepts being advocated. This book clearly conveys how the physical environment can effectively be made safer-and how a sense of community can be strengthened-by addressing the varying conditions that can create public safety issues. The intent of this book is to stimulate thought and creativity while keeping public safety in mind when designing places. To meet this need, a visual format is utilized for the major portion of this book. This format is based on the need to convey information and ideas that professionals and nonprofessionals alike can understand and use to respond to a variety of planning and design-related safety issues.

Abstract: Paper presented at the 2nd Southern African Conference on Sustainable Development in the Built Environment, "Strategies for a Sustainable Built Environment", Pretoria, South Africa, 23-25 August 2000

Abstract: In Western Europe, North America, and the cities of New Zealand and Australia, the landscape of power within which planning operates has changed dramatically in recent decades. Transnational migrations, post-colonialism, and the rise of civil society have converged to place the concept of difference on the agenda of the planning and design professions. Difference in this sense takes many forms. It acknowledges that population groups, differentiated by criteria of ability, age, gender, class, ethnicity, sexual preference, and religion, have different claims on the city for a full life and, in particular, on the built environment. How can planners contrive to make positive responses to these claims? The following essay is an attempt to provide the basis for an answer to this question. I argue that the normative key to a built environment responsive to difference can be found in the interdependent concepts of “right to the city” and the “right to difference”. I then focus on one important dimension of differ...

Abstract: Infrasystems are the large technical systems in society delivering water and electricity, making communications and transports possible, managing the gathering and treatment of refuse and sewage, and many other services. Infrasystems mean welfare, convenience and economic growth, but also considerable environmental impacts. The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to the development of aspects and prerequisites of infrasystem change in a sustainable direction, by way of elaborating conceptual knowledge. The first main point of departure is the concept of infrasystem, and the related approach Large Technical Systems (LTS), primarily associated the field of history of technology. A key feature is to highlight a socio-technical systems perspective, rather than separating technology from social and institutional aspects. The second main point of departure is the change perspective Situations of Opportunity (SITOP), which is a draft theory developed within a research programme at the Royal Institute of Technology. SITOP set out from the notion that the possibility to implement changes in a sustainable direction is greater than average at certain moments in time. A situation of opportunity is associated with a prehistory, limiting the field of options for the actors utilising a formative moment. When SITOP, LTS and other related socio-technical perspectives are cross-fertilised some directions of where to look for future situations of opportunity for infrasystem change in a sustainable direction can be pointed out, e.g. in connection with certain problems or crises in the systems’ development. On the one hand different aspects on how to widen the field of options are discussed, e.g. to promote inter-sectorial actor networks, to identify system synergies and social innovations (paper 1-3), and to highlight services and functions rather than sectors and technology (paper 2). On the other hand, in order to approach the great changes needed in the context of sustainable development, the socio-technical regimes of today have to undergo major alterations, which probably presupposes new sets of actors and actor networks. A more moderate view however, is to seek positive synergies between everyday decision- and policy-making and the long-term striving for sustainable development. Issues often considered as necessities, e.g. renovations of old buildings, or building more roads to moderate congestion – ‘what must be done’ – should be combined with ‘what should be done’, e.g. implementing energy saving solutions in the built environment, or reducing society’s transport dependency. The array of conceivable combinations widens the field of options. The results also concern indirect effects of infrasystems, which might contribute to processes evaluating fields of options. Infrastructure investments affect activity patterns and the built environment (paper 4). Moreover infrasystems are associated with indirect energy use (paper 5). The conceptual views presented in this thesis are no immediate means, ready to be used in concrete infrasystem management, but can in the steps that follow primary policy-making support the process of finding out when to implement change, and moreover assessing plausible solutions. In other words – identify situations of opportunity and explore the field of options.

Abstract: How Land Use and Transportation Systems Impact Public Health: A Literature Review of the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Built Form, produced by Active Community Environments Initiative (US). This review discusses how urban form affects public health, specifically through the ways in which the built environment encourages or discourages physical activity levels. The review employs a classification of studies that emphasizes the interfaces between 1. physical activity and health; 2. transportation systems and physical activity; and 3. land development patterns and physical activity. The questions raised illuminate fundamental quality of life considerations including residential preferences, time use, space requirements, security, and convenience, which collectively shape the built environment. The relative costs and benefits of the locational and travel choices that are currently available have resulted in a built environment designed to accommodate the car -- at the measurable expense of the ability to move about under human power.

Abstract: This article describes an exercise in which students analyze architectural barriers in campus buildings to understand that people with disabilities are excluded from everyday social interaction. Sociological concepts such as deviance and discrimination prove elusive to students when merely studied from a textbook. Through this active learning exercise, students link their experiential understanding of environmental obstacles with theories and concepts about conformity and non conformity. In their written work, students report about access in public spaces, an understanding of obstacles imposed on people with disabilities, a connection between the physical and social environments, and deviance as a failure to meet the demands of an environment built for able bodies.

Abstract: Publisher Summary Buildings provide shelter and retreat to human beings while define the well being and quality of life. The built environment is not just the collection of buildings; it is in fact the physical result of various economic, social, and environmental processes strongly related to the society standards and needs. Economic pressures related to property and labor market, investment and equity, household income, and the production and distribution of goods, in combination with social aspects related to culture, security, identity, accessibility and basic needs, and finally, in association with environmental influences related to the use of land, energy, and materials, define and determine the built environment one lives in. Developments of the urban environment have serious effects on the global environmental quality. Major concerns are the quality of air, temperature increase, acoustic quality, and traffic congestion. Buildings are related to global changes in the increase of urban temperatures, rate of energy consumption, increased use of raw materials, pollution and production of waste, conversion of agricultural to developed land, loss of biodiversity, and water shortage.

Abstract: Sustainability is emerging as a guiding paradigm to create a new kind of built environment: one that meets the needs of humans in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. However, despite legislative and social pressures to increase the environmental and resource-friendliness of our built environment, many construction organizations continue to operate in a business-as- usual fashion, failing to realize the potential advantages of taking a proactive approach to sustainability. To incorporate sustainability as a guiding principle, the construction industry needs both a convincing reason and a strategy to do so. This paper presents a model for organizationalchange to increase the sustainability of the built environment. The model includes a breakdown of the reasons that propel decision makers to consider sustainability in the context of built facilities, and identifies key strategic entry points for incorporating sustainability as a decision criterion over the whole life cycle of built facilities. In terms of the problem solving process used by built environment stakeholders, the model provides an overview of considerations for sustainability in terms of the life cycle of built facilities. The paper concludes with recommendations for creating execution plans to meet sustainability objectives and goals, and guidelines for surmounting barriers to change in the Architectural/Engineering/Construction (A/E/C) industry.

Abstract: Italy is a country exposed to a number of major natural hazards, but the regulatory framework for risk management has not been yet fully established. As an example, a law for integrating insurance in the overall risk management process was only proposed in the late 1997: this opened a debate, which has not yet been concluded by a legislative act. Therefore policy options are still open to investigations on resource allocation in prevention and mitigation, and in measures for risk burden sharing. This paper gives a brief overview on earthquake losses in Italy in the last century, how they have been compensated and on new legislative proposals. To investigate possible policy options, a case study for the Tuscany region has been developed. For this region, indeed, models and data from a previous study were made available by the Institute for Research on Seismic Risk (IRSS) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR). The IIASA spatial-dynamic, stochastic optimization model that takes into account the complexities and dependencies of catastrophic risks has been customized to explicitly incorporate the geological characteristics of the region and its seismic hazards, as well as the vulnerability of the built environment. The model is shown to be able to analyze multiple policy options for developing insurance as a mitigation measure, and their effects on insurance premium and reserve funds. In a next working phase the interplay between investments in physical mitigation (retrofitting) and risk-sharing measures will be investigated.

Abstract: If sustainable construction is to be secured as a response to sovereign governments’ acknowledgement of global warming, then there is an urgent need to focus on both the built environment’s facility and asset serviceability and service life characteristics and their management. Includes building life management, life based procurement practice together with the product’s associated life care needs. Adopting such a practice would permit and encourage client organisations to actively improve their building stocks and facility portfolios. In a sustainable sense too, both the asset and facility organisations should seek improved building space flexibility and a whole life quality set within some environmental or life cycle measure or benchmark. Pursuing such sustainable goals means that one must also both embrace the respective project’s building material and component supply chain and include its respective waste stream’s impact at that point of the product’s life time including its dismission stage. Finally, both in a sustainability and in a business excellence sense, all organisations need to find ways to bring their respective portfolio into a CO2‐serviceability framework and keep a watching brief on developing their responses to an inevitable carbon based taxation future.

Abstract: List of Contributors Preface OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND The Built Environment (P. Knox, P. Ozolins) The Political Economy of the Built Environment (Olpadwala) Political Economic Theory and the Built Environment (R. King) The Design Profession (D. Cuff) A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Designer's Role: Technician, Artist and Cultivator? (L. Groat) Challenge and Response: Architecture and Urban Change (P. Knox P. Ozolins) ANALYSIS. Information Technology (W. Mitchell) Building Ecology: Place, People, and Pulse (S. Van der Ryn) Case Study: Real Goods (S. Van der Ryn) Ethics and the Built Environment (G. Rockcastle) The Postmodern Built Environment (N. Ellin) Utopia versus Dystopia: Contradictory Images of the City (J. Goss) Public Space in the City (A. Madanipour) Case Study: Old San Juan, Puerto Rico (T. Lspez-Pumarejo) Urbanization and Society (S. Musterd, M. Langemeijer) Third World Urban Development (N. Teymur) The Cinematic City (J. Goss) People and the Built Environment (S. Mazumdar) DESIGN AND PLANNING The Nature of Design and Planning (D. Grant) Utopias (R. Freestone) Design and Planning at the Intersection of Politics and the Environment (R. Dyck) Aesthetics and the Built Environment (B. Cold) The Design Professional in Service to the Community (S. Piedmont-Palladino) Exploration and Expression (R. Dorgan) Modernism and the Problem of Continuity (D. Rattner) Case Study: The Jewish Museum (D. Rattner) The Challenge of Affordable Housing and Sustainability (R. Burnham) Case Study: The Architect and Self-help Housing in Community-based Settlements (R. Burnham) Security by Design (D. Zahm) The Architecture of Empowerment (I. Serageldin) Public and Environmental Art (M. Miles) PRODUCTION The Building Industry and the Building Process (S. Gruneberg) Regulation and Control (J. Punter) The Design Professions and the Law (R. Greenstreet) Technology and Process (C. Abel) Environmental Management in Project Design (C. Pilvang) The Impact of Global Business Issues on Design and Construction (R. Flanagan) Index.

Abstract: The way we plan and live our built environments reflect unconscious forms of thinking realised through architecture. Cities become holding environments that offer inhabitants differing forms of psychic engagement with the object world. The way they are planned and the types of objects they offer add up to degrees of ''imageability'', an attribute of any city that could become part of a psychoanalysis of the built world, or what Bachelard termed a ''topoanalysis''. Cities also play with life and death as those who inhabit built structures will be outlived by the places they inhabit, yet they enliven the inorganic spaces they construct. All buildings may, then, be forms of death brought into lived experience, and architects negotiate complex issues involving the matriculation of forms of death into human life. The ''spirit'' of human endeavour needs representation in the built environment and we may consider the ways in which a psychoanalysis of the built world could lead to a psycho-spiritual representatio...

Abstract: This paper argues that integrative analysis of city systems helps us to see beyond their current environmental and social problems to underlying causes, and it suggests different opportunities for possible interventions. Focusing on a single aspect of a city or its people without understanding its context risks interventions which treat symptoms rather than causes and whose short-term 'solution' often means that the problem returns in the same or perhaps a different form. Our integrative analysis of Bangkok suggests that the root of its environmental (and some social) problems lie in decision-making structures and a political culture which has historically fostered self interested decisions by stakeholders rather than the public interest. This has produced a land use and built environment configuration that largely ignores the functioning of the natural flood plain ecosystem and the well-being of residents. People adapt their behaviour to their environment but often in ways that have serious cumulative impacts on the city. This analysis suggests that problems need to be addressed at their source: the nature of decision-making by stakeholders, at every level. This requires the engagement of all parties inside and outside government, the elite and otherwise. To the extent that planning has a viable role, the focus needs to be on the source of the impacts, such as national development planning, rather than in sectors such as transport, where the problems are evident.

Abstract: large Canadian cities. In the 1960s, most immigrants came from Europe. Today, half of the immigrants who arrive each year come from Asia, and large numbers come from Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. This change has implications for the work of physical and social planners, social workers, architects, landscape architects, and other professionals in metropolitan areas such as Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and Ottawa- Hull. Thanks to research associated with the federally-funded Metropolis Project, a great deal has been learned in the past five years about immigrants, refugees, and their relationship with the built environment of Canadian cities.

Abstract: Those who propose the use of design participation in the built environment recognise the positive contributions that users and communities can make to the quality of decision-making. They are also becoming aware of the beneficial changes that can take place within the participating group as a whole, and within individuals, as a result of participating. These changes embrace a number of issues including the raising of environmental awareness and the development in people of a real sense of ownership of the buildings they use, both important ingredients of sustainability.

Abstract: There is a growing consensus that appropriate strategies and actions are needed to develop sustainable built environments and construction activity. This thesis contextualises this consensus within the broader sustainable development literature. First, the review of the literature culminates in the development of the Holographic Dynamic PSR (pressure, state, response) model as a holistic, system-orientated framework to better understand the focus of, and interaction between, stakeholders' worldviews and actions to progress sustainable development. Second, five systemically linked hypotheses are articulated to test the argument that the current body of research knowledge is not sufficiently focused and integrated to support progressive, significant and balanced sustainable development. The hypotheses are tested using built environment and construction activity specific literature, through a 'nested' research methodology comprising an interpretative philosophy, a soft systems research approach and literature review and synthesis research techniques. The thesis substantially supports the overall argument mapped out by the hypotheses, and proposes both a generic dynamic research agenda framework to progress sustainable development in general; and a UK prioritised research agenda for sustainable built environments and construction activity.

Abstract: This paper explores the ways in which land use planning and the layout of the built environment may assist towards the objectives of sustainable mobility by influencing travel behaviour, in particu...

Abstract: AcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Immigration and Community in the Expanding Metropolis2. Law, Real Estate, and Praxis3. From Tenement Laws to Housing Authorities: Social Provision and the New Deal State4. Vision and Reality: Implementing Policy on the Local Level5. The Practitioner as Scholar: Urban Studies and the Conflict Between "Land" and "Industry"6. Federal Housing Policies and the Problem of a "Business Welfare State"7. "The Walls of Stuyvesant Town": Urban Redevelopment and the Struggle Between Public and Private Power8. The Quest for Open Housing: Racial Discrimination and the Role of the State9. Cold War, the United Nations, and "Technical Assistance"10. Urban Renewal, the "Perversion" of Social Reform, and Home Ownership for the Poor11. "When the Grey Mist Subsides"NotesBibliographyIndex

Abstract: This paper describes the outline of a multi-agent system approach for visualising simulated user behaviour within a building. This system can be used to support the assessment of design performance. Visualisation is of critical importance in improving the readability of design representations. Performance indicators of buildings depend on user reactions to design decisions. Architects are often faced with the problem to assess how their design or planning decisions will affect the behaviour of individuals. Various performance indicators are related to the behaviour of individuals in particular environments. One way of addressing this problem is to develop models which relate user behaviour to design parameters. For example, simulation models of pedestrian behaviour could be developed to support planning decisions related to the location of facilities in shopping malls, not yet existing. Agent technology will be implemented to develop a framework for building performance simulation. People moving across simulated space of a building environment are represented in terms of autonomous agents. Agents positioned within an environment have sensors to perceive their local neighbourhood and some means with which to affect the environment. The choice of a multi-agent system is motivated by its promise to simulate autonomous individuals and the interaction between them.

Abstract: THE GREAT TOWNS AND CITIES of the North of England have always played a central part in discussions of the nature of the industrial city. Engels, writing in 1845, drew many examples from the North of England to support his claim that, 'Generally, however, the workers are segregated in separate districts where they struggle through life as best they can out of sight of the more fortunate classes of society'. The districts they lived in were a 'generally unplanned wilderness'.2 He followed the work of James Kay, Peter Gaskell, and George Head.3 These accounts had a major impact on twentieth-century understandings of the processes which created the built environment of the industrial cities. Lewis Mumford was unforgiving. in his account of Coketown, 'the most degraded urban environment the world has ever seen ... bleak ugly environments, hostile to human life'. It was an environment driven _by the mindless 'palaeotechnic' logic. In the words of his one time mentor Patrick Geddes it was 'chaos'.4 Dickens, whose fictional Coketown was so influential, was a little more perceptive. The same sense of mindless destruction was there but his account contained a hint that human agency was hidden somewhere.