Topic
Bufo eichwaldi
About: Bufo eichwaldi is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6 publications have been published within this topic receiving 132 citations.
Papers
TL;DR: The genome size, protein and morphological variation in three currently recognized species of the Bufo bufo group was studied and the Talysh toad was recognized as a new distinct species, B. eichwaldi , sp.
Abstract: The genome size, protein (24 loci) and morphological variation in three currently recognized species of the Bufo bufo group was studied. Among common toads of the Caucasian Isthmus, two distinct groups were revealed. The main territory of the Caucasian region, including the Great Caucasian Range and the Caucasus Minor, is inhabited by the Caucasian toad, B. verrucosissimus , whereas the Talysh Mountains, geographically isolated in the south-east of the region, harbor another toad. Genetic distances between these forms were higher ( D = 0.411) than that between B. verrucosissimus and European B. b. bufo ( D = 0.138). Based on genome size and allozyme data, we recognized the Talysh toad as a new distinct species, Bufo eichwaldi , sp. nov. The time of origin of the species estimated on the basis of molecular data, roughly corresponds to relict character of the Hyrcanian forest of the Talysh region (the late Miocene). West Palearctic species ( B. bufo , B. verrucosissimus , B. eichwaldi , sp. nov.) form joint cluster which is separated from another phylogenetic lineage with the Far Eastern B. gargarizans . Taxonomic status of B. verrucosissimus and B. b. spinosus is discussed. The Caucasian toad was treated tentatively as an allopatric species in respect to B. b. bufo of boreal Europe. Common toads of Anatolian Turkey previously recognized as B. b. spinosus were assigned to B. verrucosissimus . The Balkan common toads seems to be a distinct taxon which is the sister lineage of the B. verrucosissimus cluster. Toads from Apennine Peninsula were allocated to distinct subspecies B. b. palmarum . North African (Tunisian) B. b. spinosus was separated as a distinct phyletic lineage forming with B. eichwaldi , sp. nov., the sister group of other West Palearctic common toads. Further resolution of the taxonomic position of that and some other members of the Bufo bufo group needs careful examination of samples from Mediterranean area, including the type locality of B. b. spinosus .
39 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Iranian common toads were identified as Bufo eichwaldi based on the study of external morphology and a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, and the distribution is linked to a forest zone on the slopes of the Talysh and Elburz mountains.
Abstract: We report several new localities of common toads from northern Iran. Based on the study of external morphology and a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, the Iranian common toads were identified as Bufo eichwaldi. Maximum entropy modelling was used to estimate the effects of altitude, precipitation and temperature on the distribution of B. eichwaldi. The distribution of the species is linked to a forest zone on the slopes of the Talysh and Elburz mountains.
12 citations
TL;DR: For the first time, data is presented about breeding of the Eichwald’s toad in laboratory conditions and the whole cycle from spawning to metamorphosis was 42 – 60 days.
Abstract: For the first time, we are presented data about breeding of the Eichwald’s toad ( Bufo eichwaldi ) in laboratory conditions. Summer keeping was performed at a temperature of 16 – 26°C and 16-h photoperiod. Hibernation was performed for 56 days at a temperature of 6 – 8°C. For reproduction, two pairs were selected, each was placed in a tank (0.5 m 3 ) with a water level of 45 cm and a temperature of 18°C. For hormonal stimulation, we used surfagon. Length of spawned egg-strings was 965 and 2182 cm, and fecundity of females was 983 and 5474 eggs, respectively. The duration of embryogenesis was up to 14 days, and the whole cycle from spawning to metamorphosis was 42 – 60 days. Body length of juveniles after metamorphosis was 13.0 – 16.1 mm (average 14.9).
9 citations
TL;DR: Observations show sexual dimorphism in the snout shape of this species that functions in male-male competition.
Abstract: Bufo eichwaldi is a relatively large toad distributed in the Hyrcanian (Caspian) Forests from southeastern Azerbaijan to northwestern Iran. During fieldwork in northern Iran, we found two breeding sites for this species. Our observations show sexual dimorphism in the snout shape of this species that functions in male-male competition.
7 citations
10 Jan 2018
TL;DR: This study collected specimens of B. eichwaldi in Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces, Iran, and observed that in this research area adult toads leave their hibernation sites in the forest and move to pools in late January, so little is known about reproduction in this species.
Abstract: entire Palearctic realm from northwestern Africa to Japan. On the basis of gross morphology, these toads were united as the Bufo bufo species group) Inger, 1972), which subsequently became the genus Bufo in the revision by Frost et al. (2006). Subsequently, Bufo eichwaldi was described by Litvinchuk et al. (2008) based on genome size, allozyme variation, and morphological evidence. This species is a relatively large toad (SVL in females up to 170 mm, in males up to 120 mm; Litvinchuk et al., 2008) with a uniformly brown or grayish-brown dorsum with irregular black spots and markings; the venter is dirty white with irregular dark spots and markings (Fig. 1). Its distribution is limited by the Hyrcanian (Caspian) Forest in southeastern Azerbaijan and northern Iran (up to elevations around 1200 m; Mozaffari and Moghari, 2012). Litvinchuk et al. (2008) stated in their original description that B. eichwaldi seem to be uncommonly encountered in nature, and they are quite rare in museum collections. As a consequence little is known about reproduction in this species. For this study, we collected 14 specimens (six males, eight females) of B. eichwaldi in Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces, Iran (Fig. 2). We observed that in our research area adult toads leave their hibernation sites in the forest and move to pools in late January. Their accumulation at mating ponds is dramatic, and the toad population size will increase until early February, when in some areas the number of toads becomes so large that they are encountered all over the local roads.
2 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2018 | 1 |
| 2014 | 1 |
| 2012 | 3 |
| 2008 | 1 |