Bubble point

Abstract: Preface. Nomenclature. Phase Behaviour Fundamentals. Reservoir Fluid Composition. Phase Behaviour. Pure compound. Corresponding states. Multicomponent mixture. Classification of Reservoir Fluids. Dry gas. Wet gas. Gas condensate. Volatile oil. Black oil. References. Exercises. PVT Tests and Correlations. Fluid Sampling. Well preparation. Sample collection. PVT Tests 38. Dry gas. Wet gas. Black oil. Gas condensate. Volatile oil. Emperical Correlations. Black oil. (Bubble point pressure. Gas in solution. Oil formation volume factor. Total formation volume factor. Oil density. Oil viscosity). Natural gas. (Volumetric data. Gas viscosity). Formation water. (Water content of hydrocarbon phase. Hydrocarbon solubility in water. Water formation volume factor. Compressibility of water. Water density. Water viscosity). References. Exercises. Phase Equilibria. Criteria for Equilibrium. Chemical potential. Fugacity. Activity. Equilibrium Ratio. Raoult's law. Henry's law. Emperical correlations. References. Exercises. Equations of State. Viral EOS and its Modifications. Starling-Benedict-Webb-Rubin EOS. Cubic Equations of State. Two-parameter EOS. (Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS. Peng-Robinson EOS. Volume shift). Three-parameter EOS. (Schmidt-Wenzel EOS, Patel-Teja EOS). Attracting term temperature dependency. Mixing Rules. Random mixing rules. Non-random mixing rules. References. Exercises. Phase Behaviour Calculations. Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Calculations. Root selection. Rapid flash calculations. Stability Analysis. Stability limit. Critical Point Calculations. Compositional Grading. Equilibrium assumption. Non-equilibrium fluids. Heat of transport. Significance. References. Exercises. Fluid Characterisation. Experimental Methods. Distillation. Gas chromatography. Critical properties. Lee-Kesler correlations. Riazi-Daubert correlations. Perturbation expansion correlations. Description of Fluid Heavy End. Single carbon number function. Continuous description. Direct application. References. Exercises. Gas Injection. Miscibility Concepts. Miscibility in Real Reservoir Fluids. Experimental Studies. Slim tube. Rising bubble apparatus. Contact experiments. Prediction of Miscibility Conditions. First contact miscibility. Vaporising gas drive. Condensing-vaporising gas drive. References. Exercises. Interfacial Tension. Measurement Methods. Prediction of Interfacial Tension. Parachor method. Corresponding states correlation. Comparison of predictive methods. Water-Hydrocarbon Interfacial Tension. References. Exercises. Application in Reservoir Simulation. Grouping. Group selection. Group properties. Composition retrieval. Comparison of EOS. Phase composition. Saturation pressure. Density. Gas and liquid volumes. Robustness. Tuning of EOS. Fluid characterisation. Selection of EOS. Experimental data. Selection of regression variables. Limits of tuned parameters. Methodology. Dynamic Validation of Model. Relative permeability function. Viscosity prediction.

Abstract: Analytical expressions for bubble radii and growth rates derived by the authors are applied in an analysis of surface boiling at high heat transfer rates. It is shown that the product of bubble radius and radial velocity is a constant, independent of the bubble radius. This circumstance permits the formulation of a Reynolds number for the flow in the thin superheated liquid layer adjacent to the heating surface. The result of the analysis is then applied to maximal heat transfer rates in pool boiling.

Abstract: A photographic study was made to investigate the boiling phenomena in the neighborhood of the critical heat flux. The system consisted of an electrically heated zirconium ribbon, insulated on its underface, suspended in a pool of water at its saturation temperature. Measurements of bubble diameters, bubble positions relative to the heating surface, local bubble frequencies, and contact angles at known times intervals were obtained from the film. Results indicate that at high heat fluxes the primary forces acting on a bubble leaving the surface are the buoyancy and drag forces. A dimensionless relationship is developed relating bubble velocity, bubble diameter, and contact angle at breakoff. Drag coefficients for freely rising vapor bubbles a saturated liquid are found to be representable by the usual drag coefficient-Reynolds number curves for solid bodies. Jakob's plot of bubble frequency vs. bubble diameter at breakoff is extended to high heat-flux values, and a relationship proposed by Deissler at the critical heat flux is found to yield reasonable agreement with the experimental data.