Brown capuchin

Abstract: Preface Acknowledgements Prologue Colour plates Part I. Capuchins in Nature: 1. Taxonomy and distribution with Anthony Rylands 2. Behavioural ecology 3. Community ecology 4. Life history and demography Part II. Behavioural Biology: 5. The body 6. Development 7. Motor skills Part III. Behavioural Psychology: 8. Perceiving the world: memory and perception 9. Engaging the world: exploration and problem-solving 10. Fancy manipulators 11. Living together 12. Erotic artists 13. Learning together Epilogue: The (in)complete capuchin References Appendices: I. Foods eaten II. Field sites III. Hematological and physiological values IV. Brief list of management references.

Abstract: Part I Introduction.- The Values and Challenges of Long-Term Field Studies.- Part II Madagascar.- Berenty Reserve, Madagascar: A Long Time in a Small Space.- Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve: Long-Term Research on Lemurs in Southwestern Madagascar.- Long-Term Lemur Research at Centre Valbio, Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar.- A 15-Year Perspective on the Social Organization and Life History of Sifaka in Kirindy Forest.- Part III America.- The Northern Muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus): Lessons on Behavioral Plasticity and Population Dynamics from a Critically Endangered Species.- The Lomas Barbudal Monkey Project: Two Decades of Research on Cebus capucinus.- Tracking Neotropical Monkeys in Santa Rosa: Lessons from a Regenerating Costa Rican Dry Forest.- The Group Life Cycle and Demography of Brown Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus [apella] nigritus) in Iguazu National Park, Argentina.- Part IV Asia.- Social Organization and Male Residence Pattern in Phayre's Leaf Monkeys.- White-Handed Gibbons of Khao Yai: Social Flexibility, Complex Reproductive Strategies, and a Slow Life History.- V Africa.- The Amboseli Baboon Research Project: Forty Years of Continuity and Change.- The Thirty Year Blues: What We Know and Don't Know About Life History, Group Size, and Group Fission of Blue Monkeys in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya.- Long-Term Research on Chimpanzee Behavioral Ecology in Kibale National Park, Uganda.- Long-Term Field Studies of Chimpanzees at Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania.- Long-Term Studies of the Chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania.- Long-Term Research on Grauer's Gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC: Life History, Foraging Strategies, and Ecological Differentiation from Sympatric Chimpanzees.- Long-Term Studies on Wild Bonobos at Wamba, Luo Scientific Reserve, D.R. Congo: Towards the Understanding of Female Life History in a Male-Philopatric Species. VI Summary.- A Comparative Perspective on Long-term Field Studies.

Abstract: The study of reciprocal altruism, or the exchange of goods and services between individuals, requires attention to both evolutionary explanations and proximate mechanisms. Evolutionary explanations have been debated at length, but far less is known about the proximate mechanisms of reciprocity. Our own research has focused on the immediate causes and contingencies underlying services such as food sharing, grooming, and cooperation in brown capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees. Employing both observational and experimental techniques, we have come to distinguish three types of reciprocity. Symmetry-based reciprocity is cognitively the least complex form, based on symmetries inherent in dyadic relationships (e.g., mutual association, kinship). Attitudinal reciprocity, which is more cognitively complex, is based on the mirroring of social attitudes between partners and is exhibited by both capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees. Finally, calculated reciprocity, the most cognitively advanced form, is based on mental scorekeeping and is found only in humans and possibly chimpanzees.

Abstract: and Summary The mating system of wild brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella, was studied during four years in Peruvian rainforest. The most striking feature of estrus is active continuous solicitation of males by females. During the first three to four days, the female continuously follows the dominant male of the group, approaching him with grimaces, distinctive vocalizations, and submissive-like postures. Although the female frequently attempts to initiate copulations by touching the male and running away, he rarely copulates with her more than once a day. On the next to last day of estrus, the female no longer follows the dominant male closely, and begins to solicit copulations from subordinate males. The dominant male then begins following the female and aggressively preventing other males from approaching her; during the remainder of the estrous period, male-male aggression is infrequent compared to other polygamous primates. After another half a day, the dominant male stops following the estrous female, who then rapidly solicits and copulates with up to six subordinate males in a single day. Estrous behaviors disappear after 5 to 6 days. The frequency and intensity of female pre- and post-copulatory behaviors are significantly greater with dominant than subordinate males. Copulation duration is significantly longer in dominant males than subordinates. The dominant male has a greater frequency of copulation than any subordinate male and furthermore may have almost exclusive access to the female during the most probable days of ovulation. The strong active solicitation by the female of the dominant male may be explained by direct benefits that she or her offspring might receive from him. Because the dominant male controls access to many food sources during periods when food is scarce, his tolerance of a particular female or her offspring could be an important component of fitness for them. It may be possible to extend this correlation between ecology and mating system to other primate species. Zusammenfassung Wahrend der ersten drei oder vier Brunsttage folgen weibliche Kapuzineraffen (Cebus apella) ununterbrochen dem dominanten Mannchen ihrer Gruppe und nahern sich ihm mit besonderen Gesichtsausdrucken, Lautgebungen und Gesten. Das dominante Mannchen kopuliert mit einem Weibchen selten ofter als einmal pro Tag, auch wenn es haufiger zur Paarung aufgefordert wird, indem das Weibchen ihn beruhrt und weglauft. Etwa ab dem vierten Brunsttag folgt das Weibchen dem dominanten Mannchen nicht mehr, sondern beginnt rangtiefere Mannchen zur Kopulation aufzufordern. Jetzt aber folgt ihm das dominante Mannchen und hindert andere Mannchen daran, sich dem Weibchen zu nahern. Am Ende des vierten Tages jedoch hort das dominante Mannchen auf, dem Weibchen zu folgen. Darauf kann das brunstige Weibchen bis zu 6mal am Tag rangtiefere Mannchen zur Paarung auffordern. Das typische Brunstverhalten endet nach vier bis sechs Tagen. Das brunstige Weibchen zieht das dominante Mannchen den rangtieferen Mannchen vor (in der Haufigkeit und Intensitat der Kopulationsaufforderungen). Die Paarung mit einem dominanten Mannchen dauert signifikant langer als die mit einem untergeordneten Mannchen. Das dominante Mannchen kopuliert haufiger als jedes andere Mannchen und hat den alleinigen Zugang zum Weibchen wahrend der Tage mit der hochsten Ovulationswahrscheinlichkeit. Vorteile, die das Weibchen oder deren Nachkommen gewinnen, konnten die ausgepragte Paarungsaufforderung an das dominante Mannchen erklaren. Da das dominante Mannchen den Zugang zu vielen Futterquellen beherrscht, konnte die Duldung eines bestimmten Weibchens und seiner Nachkommen stark zu deren Fitness beitragen. Moglicherweise konnen die Paarungssysteme anderer Primaten ebenfalls mit deren Okologie in Zusammenhang gebracht werden.