Showing papers on "Brick published in 2021"
TL;DR: In this article, the fresh, mechanical, shrinkage, durability, and microstructural properties of cement-based materials when RBP partially replaces Portland cement are reviewed, based on the existing research, which shows that RBP is rich in SiO2, Al2O3, Fe 2O3 and has pozzolanic activity.
112 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the use of scrap plastic wastes (SPW) and foundry sand (FS) in the production of green efficient bricks for masonry structures, and the produced bricks were tested for durability through acid and water soaking and subsequently tested for compressive and tensile strength, to evaluate the brick's strength indices compared to conventional fired clay bricks.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of alkali content on the reaction kinetics of brick waste powder is studied and correlated with the properties of BGFCs, and carbon emission calculations were conducted to assess the environmental impacts of developed BGFC and compared with Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) foamed concrete.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated insulation performance in terms of heating energy requirement, environmental impact and cost using the Life Cycle Assessment-LCA-technique and found that cellulose fiber showed the best overall performance.
Abstract: The need for the selection of an appropriate insulation is becoming more important as environmental problems continue to grow. This paper investigates insulation performance in terms of heating energy requirement, environmental impact and cost. The thermal performance of insulations (natural, petrochemical, rock/slag based) is modelled, on brick, rammed earth (RE) and cavity walls, in different locations (external, internal and inside the wall), using software. The environmental performance of the insulation is determined using the Life Cycle Assessment-LCA-technique. A new scoring tool is created which allows inputted data, across the three areas of performance (energy, environmental, economic), to be standardized and compared, providing a final score that represents the overall performance. The input data and weightings can be modified easily to investigate new materials and to meet user requirements. Out of all the insulations, cellulose fibre showed the best overall performance. The model results highlight the importance of the hygrothermal properties of the insulation, and their compatibility with the substrate, for best energy performance. The insulated earth buildings require less energy for heating and are responsible for lower carbon emissions than the insulated brick buildings. This is attributed to the lower diffusivity of the earth walls attenuating external temperature fluctuation and economizing energy. The permeable insulations (cork and hemp) tend to perform better with earth than with brick, which is attributed to a more compatible hydric performance. The model results indicate that the best thermal performance is obtained when insulation is placed outside the wall.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the performances of concrete while incorporating polypropylene (PP) plastic, derived from waste plastic products, as a partial replacement of natural stone aggregate (SA) and burnt clay brick aggregate (BA).
73 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of steel slag fineness, mix proportion and carbonation time on the CO2 uptake, compressive strength, volume stability and freeze-thaw resistance of slag bricks were systematically studied.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the engineering properties of compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) incorporating crushed brick waste as alternative to soil-sand mixture as well as sand, and found that the inclusion of crushed bricks waste in soil sand mixture significantly improved the block performance, especially under wetting drying cycles and sulfate attack.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a novel method was developed to monitor the energy consumption of the furnace during the firing process, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) imaging were used to characterize the quantity, distribution, size, and shape of micro- and macro-scale pores of the brick samples incorporating CBs.
60 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors investigated various disposal methods of construction spoil in China, including the conventional landfill, foundation treatment, artificial hill, and subgrade, and two new techniques for reusing construction spoil to produce soil-cement and sinter brick are reviewed and discussed.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of fired clay bricks incorporating different kinds of industrial slags such as granulated blast furnace slag, ferrochromium slag (FCS), and steel slag was investigated.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the experimental results of concrete bricks based macroencapsulated phase change material (PCM) in different capsule designs (circular, square and rectangular cross-sections) were presented.
Abstract: This study presents the experimental results of concrete bricks based macroencapsulated phase change material (PCM) in different capsule designs (circular, square and rectangular cross-sections). Eight concrete bricks (including a reference brick without PCM) are fabricated, and their thermal performance is tested under hot summer conditions of Al Amarah city, Iraq. The study considered several indicators such as the interior maximum temperature reduction (MTR), decrement factor (DF) and time lag (TL) to compared among tested bricks in addition to the thermal behaviour during melting and solidification of PCM. Results indicated that all PCM based bricks are performed better than the reference brick in which the maximum interior temperature is shaved and shifted. Moreover, the best thermal performance is reported for bricks of large PCM capsules number. Amongst others, the brick-based square cross-section PCM capsules showed the best thermal contribution where the average MTR of 1.88°C, average DF of 0.901 and average TL of 42.5 min were obtained compared with the reference brick. The study concluded that PCM capsules' heat transfer area is the main parameter that controls PCM's thermal behaviour as long as all PCM capsules have the same PCM quantity and position. Therefore, excessive encapsulation area might influence the thermal performance of concrete brick and should be specified for the efficient use of PCM storage capacity.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the use of bayer process bauxite waste and agricultural residues as alternative additive materials for clay replacement to produce eco-friendly porous ceramic bricks and found that the potential use of these wastes decreases the bulk density and mechanical strength and increases the porosity, which leads to higher thermal insulation.
Abstract: The sustainability of raw materials used in great amounts in the production of building materials used in the construction industry is of great importance. This research investigates the utilization of bayer process bauxite waste and agricultural residues as alternative additive materials for clay replacement to produce eco-friendly porous ceramic bricks. The use of organic and inorganic additives in brick production reduces the consumption of natural clay reserves and the weight of the brick. In addition, these additives have been used as pore formers in brick production to increase thermal performance and waste remediation in ceramic structures for environmental beneficial. Considering these issues, two different types of waste and their combinations were evaluated in brick production in the study. Hazelnut shells (HS) (from 2.5 wt% to 10 wt%), which is an agricultural waste, were used as pore former during firing of brick. On the other hand, this study is related to the evaluation of red mud waste (RM) (from 5 wt% to 30 wt%), which is released in large quantities at the result of Bayer process in the aluminum metallurgy and threatens environmental health, as an alternative raw material in the production of clay bricks. The compacted samples were fired at 900 °C and 1000 °C for 2 h to investigate the effects of firing temperature. Bulk density, water absorption, apparent porosity were determined by Archimedes method. Thermal conductivity and compressive strength of the samples were measured by a thermal conductivity analyzer with a modified transient plane source, and the mechanical test method, respectively. Also, the microstructural and leaching analysis of produced samples was performed. This research have confirmed that the potential use of these wastes decreases the bulk density and mechanical strength and increases the porosity, which leads to higher thermal insulation . The results indicated that samples produced with addition of 10% HS-30% RM exhibited the lowest thermal conductivity values (0.45 W/mK) and the acceptable compressive strength (9 MPa). Also, the effective thermal conductivity coefficient of the perforated brick model designed from this sample is found as 0.112 W/mK in ANSYS Fluent 19.1 Software. Furthermore, the brick samples with a high amount of waste materials show values of leaching toxicity much lower than the specified limits of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The microstructures are also supporting the porosity ratios of brick samples. Based on the results, the combination of waste materials considered for making brick samples in this study can be used as additives in lightweight eco-friendly brick production to reduce waste landfill and recycle waste.
TL;DR: In this article, the possibility of producing eco-friendly building materials by utilizing the slate tailings (ST) was investigated, and the fly ash (FA) and metakaolin (MK) mixtures were added to the raw materials through geopolymerization to improve the brick quality.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a laboratory and numerical study on the mechanical properties of a new type of interlocking bricks featuring with large shear keys for better mechanical performance, where the theoretical compressive strength of a unit brick prism is derived using fracture mechanics theory, which is validated with laboratory compression test.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used experimental method to measure the structural properties of the new cement brick that is integrated with sugarcane bagasse content, and found that replacing the traditional cement with 1.5% of SCB content will preserve the structural performance of the bricks with respect to ductility and higher strength.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the synergistic and individual effect of glass sludge (GS), marble sludge, and rice husk (RH) on the physical, mechanical, durability, and thermal properties of brick samples.
Abstract: Due to rapid population growth and industrialization, the generation of different industrial and agricultural wastes has surged in the past few decades. In this study, burnt clay bricks are prepared to investigate the synergistic and individual effect of glass sludge (GS), marble sludge (MS), and rice husk (RH) on the physical, mechanical, durability, and thermal properties of brick samples. Results show that the addition of waste materials (GS, MS, and RH) reduces the shrinkage, weight per unit area, and thermal conductivity of brick samples. All the brick samples incorporating different waste materials show efflorescence much lower than 10%. Furthermore, no brick sample faced any cracking even after 50 freeze-thaw cycles. The mass loss of brick samples incorporating 25% of GS is observed lower than the specified limit of ASTM C67 and are classified as freeze-thaw resistant brick samples. All the brick samples incorporating different waste materials satisfy the minimum compressive strength and modulus of rupture requirements for building bricks and can be used in a moderate weather-resistant environment, leading to sustainable masonry construction. Furthermore, all the brick samples show leaching toxicity values much lower than the specified limits of the Environmental Protection Agency . The scanning electron microscopic images also support the results of porosity and water absorption of brick samples observed in this study. Based on the results, all the combinations of waste materials considered in this study for making brick samples can be used for masonry construction leading towards landfill reduction and the production of eco-friendly bricks.
TL;DR: In this article, the application of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and crushed bricks (CB) into pavement materials is an ideal waste management solution, by appropriate material design, the RCA and CB could be used...
Abstract: Application of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and crushed bricks (CB) into pavement materials is an ideal waste management solution. By appropriate material design, the RCA and CB could be used...
1 Jun 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the mechanical, physicochemical, and thermal properties of earth bricks of unfired type were analyzed and the incorporation of sludge additive into the clayey earth matrix has shown a decrease in the mixtures' pH level.
Abstract: Sludge disposal has major drawbacks on the environment when damping wastewater treatment sludge in landfills and estuaries. In addition to financial drawbacks manifested by the poor sludge management due to the lack of valorization regulations or investments’ encouragement. This paper analyzes the mechanical, physicochemical, and thermal properties of earth bricks of unfired type thanks to their low energy demand and high energy savings’ potential. This enables promoting a cleaner production protocol in accordance to the Moroccan testing standards in the building sector. X-ray Diffraction and Fluorescence analysis of the earth and sludge deployed reflected a dominance in Quartz (SiO2) with a respective 59.6% and 28.37%. This affirms the high clayey composition in the used earth material. Various sludge additive percentages (0%, 1%, 3%, 7%, 15% and 20%) to earth material, by weight, are investigated. Higher sludge content in the brick samples’ matrix produced more porous specimens, up to 17%, compared to control samples, of 0% additive content, with 1.04% porosity level. This resulted in higher capillary water absorption coefficient 47.15 g/(cm2.min0.5) and lower compressive strength 3.95 MPa compared to reference values, of 0% additive, of 25.10 g/(cm2.min0.5) and 6.17 MPa, respectively. In addition, bulk density analysis classified produced brick samples as lightweight construction materials, following the Moroccan testing standards. This is due to specimens’ respective bulk density does not go beyond the 1.75 g/cm3 mark. Improvements in thermal performance were also recorded with 43% and 30% gains in thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity properties, respectively, compared to control samples. Moreover, the incorporation of sludge additive into the clayey earth matrix has shown a decrease in the mixtures’ pH level. This resulted in producing more porous brick samples with improved thermal properties and lower mechanical compressive strength due to deterioration.
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of no-clay bricks with glass and marble wastes was investigated and the results showed that the collective amount of fluxing agents in WTS exceeds 9% (similar to low refractive clay), and the bricks exhibited water absorption between 5.3 and 12.6%.
TL;DR: In this article, the energy and shielding efficiency of brick, fabricated by clay soil, as a practical building material was reinforced using CuFe2O4 nanoparticles, initially, the nanoparticles were fabricated using the sol-gel method and then loaded in the brick matrix as a guest.
Abstract: In this research, the energy and shielding efficiency of brick, fabricated by clay soil, as a practical building material was reinforced using CuFe2O4 nanoparticles. Initially, the nanoparticles were fabricated using the sol-gel method and then loaded in the brick matrix as a guest. The architected samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms, and vector network analyzer (VNA) analyses. IR absorption of the tailored samples was monitored under an IR source using an IR thermometer. IR absorption and energy band gap attested that inserting the nanoparticles in brick medium led to the acceleration of a warming brick, desirable for energy efficiency in cold climates. It is worth noting that the brick/CuFe2O4 nanocomposite achieved a strong reflection loss (RL) of 58.54 dB and gained an efficient bandwidth as wide as 4.22 GHz (RL > 10 dB) with a thickness of 2.50 mm, meanwhile it shielded more than 58% of the electromagnetic waves at X-band by only a filler loading of 10 wt%. The microwave absorbing and shielding characteristics of the composite are mainly originated from conductive loss, electron hopping, natural and exchange resonance, relaxation loss, secondary fields, as well as eddy current loss. Interestingly, the shielding property of the nanocomposite was significantly generated from its absorbing features, reducing the secondary electromagnetic pollutions produced by the shielding materials applying the impedance mismatching mechanism.
TL;DR: The life cycle assessment of the ABC (Pvt) Ltd brick manufacturing plant has considered land use, fossil resource scarcity, water consumption, global warming and fine particulate matter formation as the impact categories for assessment, with clay mining and coal as the input flows with the highest significant contributions to environmental load as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of in-situ integrated techniques are used to study the properties of two clay mixtures routinely for production of bricks at a local factory in Queensland, Australia.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined influences of fly ash introduction in physical, mechanical, porosity and environmental risk in the production of fired clay brick and found that fly ash containing soluble salts increased surface area and pore size of products remarkably.
TL;DR: In this article, the use of the foamed silicates as an aggregate for the manufacture of lightweight cellular clay bricks was investigated and it was shown that using rice husks ash as a raw material for foamed granulated silicates in the manufacturing of lightweight ceramic bricks not only solves the problem of rice husk as a large-tonnage waste, but also provides an environment-friendly building material with strength and heat insulation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the potential of using dredged material from a confined disposal facility (CDF) in Cleveland, Ohio, to fabricate eco-friendly bricks.
1 Jun 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the suitability of recycled Typha-fibers waste as a construction material additive to unfired clay bricks is evaluated according to the Moroccan testing standards in the building sector.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate the suitability of recycled Typha-fibers waste as a construction material additive to unfired clay bricks. The novel approach of this paper is providing an alternative of damping Typha plants in landfills and waterways, by recycling these waste and putting them into good use as a construction material additive. Physicochemical and performance of prepared brick samples of clay plus recycled Typha-fibers waste additives, at multiple proportions (0%, 1%, 3%, 7%, 15% and 20%) by weight, are investigated according to the Moroccan testing standards in the building sector. A steady-state mixing technique with an electric stirrer, for 10 min and at 95 rpm, was adopted to ensure a homogenous distribution of the fibrous particles inside the clay matrix to produce homogenous mixtures. The used clay was found of type Illite with non-swelling characteristics and a dominant SiO2 content, 59.6%, following X-ray diffraction and fluorescence tests. The incorporation of high Typha-fibers’ waste additives produced more porous bricks; as 20% of additive content reflected the highest recorded porosity, of 14.95%, compared to reference samples, 1.14%. This prompted higher capillary water absorption coefficient with higher Typha-fibers waste proportions. A 55% increase in water absorption was observed with the incorporation of 20% additive content compared to reference samples; yet obtained capillary measurements were under the maximum permissible water absorption limit, according to Moroccan testing standards NM EN 772-11. In addition, bulk density measurements showed that prepared brick samples can be classified as lightweight structures, as their bulk density is lower than 1.75 g/cm3. Produced specimens were classified as Earth Blocks Class 4 (EB4), Earth Blocks Class 3 (EB3) and Earth Blocks Class 2 (EB2) according to their recorded compressive strength. It can be deduced that higher Typha-fiber additive content produced good functioning brick samples, following Moroccan and international testing standards, with a more porous and lightweight structures, higher water absorption ration and decreased compressive strength.
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal performance of phase change material (PCM) incorporated concrete bricks is studied experimentally, and the effect of PCM encapsulation heat transfer area on brick's thermal performance at the same PCM quantity is considered.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the work done by authors to use plastic as construction material in bricks and analyzed that the further research on this field can enrich the strength, quality and durability of these masonry bricks.
TL;DR: In this article, the degradation mechanisms of dense periclase-magnesium aluminate spinel refractory bricks used in the upper transition zone of cement rotary kilns were investigated by XRD, SEM and EDS.
TL;DR: In this article, the structural properties of reinforced geopolymer concrete beams produced from the recycled construction demolition wastes were evaluated by conducting laboratory experiments by conducting bending tests on reinforced conventional concrete beam specimens.
Abstract: Concrete requires a vast amount of aggregate and cement production . Although there are some efforts in the literature to reduce the amount of Portland cement in the concrete mixture to lessen the greenhouse gas release , a limited number of studies were conducted to investigate the possibility of using this geopolymer mixtures to serve as a structural component. Therefore, this study firstly aimed to produce geopolymer concrete from construction and demolition waste-based precursors, including masonry units (red clay brick, roof tile, hollow brick, etc.) and glass. In addition, recycled aggregates produced from the concrete waste portion of the CDW were used to obtain 100% recycled construction material on the scale of the binder and aggregate phase. Then, this study investigated the possible use of this proposed geopolymer concrete to produce structural components that perform similar to conventional concrete. Therefore, the structural properties of reinforced geopolymer concrete beams produced from the recycled construction demolition wastes were evaluated in this study by conducting laboratory experiments. To this end, bending tests were performed on reinforced conventional concrete beam specimens and reinforced geopolymer concrete beam specimens. The test observations clearly showed that construction demolition waste could be recycled to produce new constructional components, considering its advantage of promoted sustainability.