Abstract: Burnt clay brick is the commonly used construction material across the world. In most of countries including Pakistan, brick manufacturing is ignorant of modern day improvements and innovations. Utilization of waste materials in manufacturing of clay bricks is not only helpful in disposal of wastes safely but also imparts useful properties to the burnt clay bricks. In this study, the use of waste materials (rice husk ash and bagasse ash) for brick production has been attempted. Clay bricks were prepared incorporating 5% by clay weight of rice husk ash (RHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) to investigate the mechanical and durability properties. It was observed compressive strength and modulus of rupture decreased with incorporation of RHA and SBA in burnt clay brick. However, compressive strength and modulus of rupture satisfied the requirements of building bricks according to Pakistan building code and ASTM standard guidelines. Furthermore, clay bricks incorporating RHA and SBA can be potentially used in the production of lighter bricks. Lighter weight of bricks can result in reduction of structural loads and helpful in achieving economy. Test results confirmed the use of clay bricks incorporating RHA and SBA as moderate weather resistive bricks. Moreover, resistance against efflorescence was improved after incorporating RHA and SBA. The microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and found that burnt clay bricks incorporating RHA and SBA were more porous than burnt clay bricks. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the addition of RHA and SBA is not only helpful in controlling environmental pollution but also results into a more sustainable and economical construction.

Abstract: Recycled concrete aggregates from demolition constitute one of the largest waste streams within the developed countries. These study aims to quantify environmental impacts associated with mixing compositions of concrete made of waste materials by using LCA. Environmental performances of natural, recycled and mixed 20-mm concrete samples, formulated with the same mechanical strength regarding the functional unit, were evaluated. Eight millimeter concrete samples, formulated with natural or recycled (concrete or terracotta brick) aggregates – with the same volume composition of the granular skeleton for apparent concrete application regarding the functional unit – were also studied. The LCA results are presented using various impact assessment methods, according to both EN 15804 and NF P 01–010 standards. Recycled samples present good environmental behavior, even if recycled materials (sand and aggregates) involve different operations (crushing against extraction, etc.). The terracotta 8-mm concrete sample presents low environmental impacts in comparison with the other 8-mm concrete samples. This sample exhibits a low aggregate density, which decreases transport impacts, and good mechanical strengths, which improves its lifetime.

Abstract: This study presents a methodology for making bricks, in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner, using the tailings produced from iron ore mines in Western Australia (WA). The study was based on the geopolymerisation process, which is known to conserve energy by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. The reduction is accomplished by avoiding the processes of high temperature kiln firing, traditionally utilised when making bricks from sandy soils with high clay content. In this study, the sodium silicate was added to the mine tailings in powder form, as an activator for the formulation of the geopolymer bricks. The effects of the initial setting time, curing temperature, curing time and activator content on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), water absorption and other durability properties of the bricks were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to investigate the phase composition of the geopolymer bricks. The bricks achieved an UCS as high as 50.53 MPa for the op...

Abstract: In this project we have made fly ash cement bricks with variations in its percentage of composition. The project describes the use of local fly ash in construction industry in a way to minimize the industrial waste. The aim of this project is to find that percentage of composition by weight of fly ash cement brick which will provide it better strength without much increase in the percentage of cement. We have made five types of fly ash cement bricks. In three types sand percentage is taken as 30%, while percentages of fly ash and cement have being changed by 5%. And in others percentage of fly ash is taken 60% with sand and cement having variation in their percentage by weight of the brick. The fly ash used is taken from the NTPC, sipat (C.G.). Using fly ash gives technical and economical advantage. As Fly ash is pozzolanic in nature, it increases the strength of the brick and it is a waste material of thermal power plant so using it in making the brick reduces the cost of the brick. Sand used has larger size particles compare to fly ash, it reduce the shrinkage of brick, providing volume stability. Cement is used as the binding material to bind the sand and fly ash together. In the compressive strength test performed, the strength of TYPE3 (55% fly ash, 30% sand and 15% cement) brick was 4.405 N/mm 2 , which was the highest, followed by TYPE5 (60% fly ash, 25% sand and 15% cement) brick with strength 3.926 N/mm 2 . In this project all the types of brick have got percentage water absorption less than 15%, which is acceptable as per IS:3495.

Abstract: In India, production of electricity by thermal power plants accounts for more than 50% of the total electricity generated. While doing so, the thermal power plants produce about 117 million tons per year of coal ash as waste materials. Improper disposal of this ash poses a threat to the environment. It requires allocation of vast land area for dumping/storing and it pollutes the land. Ash generated in thermal power plants falls into two categories, namely, fly ash and pond ash. One of the ways to minimize the harmful effects due to unsafe disposal of ash on the environment is to utilize the ash in the construction industry as an admixture in brick making, cement manufacture, etc. Moreover, in the conventional brick making, a precious natural soil resource is overexploited. One of the essential requirements of green building is to use environmentally friendly building materials as well as to reuse/ recycle industrial waste products like fly ash and pond ash. If the fly ash and pond ash are used opt...

Abstract: Waste clay brick (WCB) is silicate solid waste, its recycling has great environmental and social significance. The application of WCB as recyclable coarce and fine aggregate in concrete and mortar, wall materials, as well as raw material or addition in the production of recyclable cement, has been briefly introduced. The following aspects were emphasized: the research progress of the impact of WCB as supplementary cementitious material on physical mechanics, deformation and durability of cementitious materials; the progress of the function of WCB as environmental materials on eliminating fluorine, ammonia nitrogen and phosphate in waste water; the current research status of the impact of WCB as recyclable aggregate on the mechanics, durability of GRC; the current status of WCB as filler in decorative paints, as filler in rubber plastic materials after being organically modified, as well as in the production of recyclable ancient architectural brick in recent years. The problems in recycling of WCB has also been summarized.

Abstract: This article discusses the use of high per cent by-products (ie marble powder, brick powder) in green concrete to develop a procedure which construction industry can use This current study, ther

Abstract: With the increasing concerns on the impact of cement production on the environment and the need to protect the environment, the use of mineral additives as cementitious material to partially substitute cement is being considered as an effective option. One of such material is fired clay brick which can be sourced as generated waste from clay brick industry. This has an added advantage of reducing industrial waste and preserving the natural resources. The experimental objective of this study is to examine the possibility of utilizing clay brick waste as partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete. The clay brick was finely ground into powder size, and after grinding, the morphological characterization of the powder materials was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the chemical composition of the brick material was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the workability, split tensile and compressive strength properties of the concrete with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% partial replacement of cement with ground clay brick (CB). From the test results, the chemical composition of the brick powder meets the standard requirements for pozzolanic material, with the SEM revealing an amorphous solid mass. The workability of the concrete reduces with increase in brick powder content. A significant improvement of the split tensile and compressive strength of the concrete was achieved at 10% cement replacement, after which a decrease in strength with increasing ground clay brick content was recorded. The use of ground clay brick of not more than 15% was recommended for concrete production.

Abstract: This study reports the effect of the incorporation of corn cob from Baleng (Cameroon) as pore forming agent in the production of porous ceramic brick. The bricks were prepared with addition of increasing amount of corn cob (0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 wt%) in the clay slurry. The samples were fired at different temperatures (900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100 °C). Linear shrinkage, water absorption, porosity, apparent density and flexural strength of samples were measured and analyzed. It is observed that apparent density, flexural strength and linear shrinkage increase with temperature and decrease with increasing corn cob while the water absorption and the porosity decrease with higher temperature and increase with the amount of added corn cob. The obtained porous bricks could found uses as construction bricks or thermal/sound insulator parts.

Abstract: China has ranked first in the coal fly ash emission in the world. The multipurpose use of the fly ash from power plant waste is always an important topic for the Chinese environmental protection, which has drawn the concern of the government, scientific research departments, manufacturing enterprises and industry experts. This paper introduces an experimental research on how to recycle fly ash effectively, a kind of new technology of making bricks by which fly ash content could be amounted to 50–80 %. The article introduces raw materials of fly ash brick, production process and key control points. It introduces how to change the technical parameters of the existing brick-making mechanical device, optimize the parameters combination and improve the device performance. High-content fly ash bricks are manufactured, which selects wet fly ash from power plants, adding aggregate with reasonable ratio and additives with reasonable dosage, and do the experimental research on manufactured products for properties, production technology and selection about technology parameters of production equipment. All indexes of strength grade, freezing-thawing resisting, and other standards of the studied bricks reached the national standards for building materials industry.