Showing papers on "Brick published in 2014"
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal conductivity of oil palm shell foamed geopolymer concrete (OPSFGC) was investigated and compared with conventional wall materials, such as block and brick.
372 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of research concerning the recycling of different types of wastes into eco-friendly fired clay bricks (FCB's). Materials and methods of researches are discussed, and several properties of bricks, made by incorporating additives are reviewed as well as procedures in accordance with international standards are highlighted.
325 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive experimental program regarding the use of recycled aggregates produced from demolition of brick buildings is presented, where the brick wastes were crushed, sorted and classified into coarse and fine aggregates as well as powder (CBP).
Abstract: A comprehensive experimental program regarding the use of recycled aggregates produced from demolition of brick buildings is presented. The brick wastes were crushed, sorted and classified into coarse and fine aggregates as well as powder (CBP). The first phase of the research focuses on the effect of incorporating recycled aggregates on physico-mechanical properties of paste, mortar and concrete. Non-traditional tests including X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and micro-structural analysis (MSA) were performed. The second phase of the program explores the effect of using recycled aggregates on properties of concrete masonry units. A total of 44 mixtures were utilized throughout the program. Results show cement paste when modified with 25% CBP achieves smaller pore size and lower weight loss under high temperature than reference paste. Furthermore, the use of recycled aggregates reduces the overall unit weight of concrete masonry units. Actually, modified concrete masonry units incorporating recycled aggregates achieve lower unit weight, higher thermal resistance and absorption rate than reference units. Although considerable strength reduction is noticeable by substitution, compressive strength levels meet the Egyptian specifications limitations. Critical replacement ratios are suggested to produce load bearing-concrete masonry units. Based on experimental evidences, it can be stated that the use of recycled aggregate and dust made of clay bricks is promising in many applications where the thermal resistance, cost and environmental aspects are imperative.
208 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the suitability of recycled construction and demolition materials as alternative pipe backfilling materials for stormwater and sewer pipes was investigated to assess their suitability as a pipe back-filling material.
198 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the hygrothermal properties of five extruded earth bricks produced at five brickworks in the neighbourhood of Toulouse in southern France and confirmed their capacity to regulate the relative humidity of indoor air.
197 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the effect of the incorporation of recycled ceramic fine aggregates, obtained from crushed bricks and crushed sanitary ware, on the mechanical properties of concrete and show that concrete with recycled crushed bricks exhibits adequate structural performance.
195 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the use of hybrid recycled powder as a supplementary cementing material, and the pozzolanic property of hybrid powder was comprehensively studied by utilizing advanced tools including SEM, AFM, LPS and XRD.
159 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal behavior of hollow clay bricks made up of paper waste has been studied and their thermal performance has been optimized by using finite element method (FEM) to the nonlinear numerical thermal analysis of three different hollow bricks.
141 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the treatment technique as well as results from testing after brick manufacturing and show that bio-bricks are comparable in terms of stress and stiffness to bricks prepared with more conventional cement and hydraulic lime additives.
139 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an assessment of five brick making technologies based on the measurements carried out at seventeen individual brick kilns and these emissions were used to estimate the emission factors for comparing the emissions across different fuel or operating conditions.
119 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of the use of urban river sediments as a primary raw material to produce high-insulation bricks was assessed in the laboratory using X-ray fluorescence (XRF).
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of utilizing low-silicon iron tailings for production of eco-friendly fired bricks was investigated, and the results indicated that the firing temperature and fly ash proportion significantly influenced the bricks properties.
TL;DR: In this paper, the compressive strength and compression stress-strain relationship of vintage clay brick masonry used in New Zealand unreinforced masonry (URM)-bearing wall buildings that were generally constructed between 1880 and 1940 were investigated.
Abstract: Masonry material characteristics such as compression stress-strain behavior and the relationships between brick, mortar, and masonry compressive strengths are required for the detailed analysis and assessment of masonry structures. These properties have been investigated previously, but most past studies were laboratory based and did not include within their scope the testing of existing masonry buildings. This study aimed to characterize the compressive strength and the compression stress-strain relationship of vintage clay brick masonry used in New Zealand unreinforced masonry (URM)-bearing wall buildings that were generally constructed between 1880 and 1940. Testing was performed on 45 masonry prisms that were extracted from eight New Zealand historic URM buildings and on 75 masonry prisms that were constructed in the laboratory using 14 different brick/mortar combinations. It was found that the laboratory-constructed sample test results adequately replicated those from the field-extracted samp...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the hygrothermal performance of a brick wall with wooden beam ends after it was insulated on the interior with vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) and found that the reduced temperature in the brick after the VIPs were added led to a higher relative humidity in the wooden beams.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied fired clay bricks made by using waste pomace from wine industry as an additive in brick production and found that the amount of pomance that might be added is limited to 5%, whereby brick's water absorption and compressive strength comply with standards.
TL;DR: Attempts were made to use the arsenic-iron sludge in making bricks and to analyze the corresponding effects on brick properties, indicating that the compressive strength of prepared bricks initially increased and then decreased with the increase of sludge proportion.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the environmental impacts of replacing concrete with bricks using an attributional life cycle approach, and found that replacing concrete products with bricks may actually increase the net environmental impacts.
TL;DR: In this article, the suitability of the half-scale bricks, produced in the same manner as the prototype, was studied through several material tests on brick units and masonry assemblages.
Abstract: Experimental small-scale modeling of clay brick masonry for behavior up to failure under earthquake-type loads poses many challenges, such as manufacturing of small-scale bricks and creating masonry that not only meets necessary similitude laws but also accommodates the requirement of artificial mass for shake-table tests. In addition, the stress and modulus ratios should be unity for model and prototype masonry in all loading conditions. The suitability of the half-scale bricks, produced in the same manner as the prototype, was studied through several material tests on brick units and masonry assemblages. Tests for compressive strength, water absorption, and initial rate of absorption were conducted on brick units. Axial compression, shear, tension bond, flexure, and diagonal compression tests were performed on brick masonry assemblages. A reasonable agreement in strength and stiffness properties of model and prototype masonry was observed, despite the difference in compressive strengths of model...
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-step hydration process was proposed for preparing PG non-fired bricks of a high 7-day compressive strength of 29MPa, using no cement and a low pressure of 10MPa in press-forming.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the geomorphic and sedimentological characteristics of the disintegration process of sun-dried mud bricks in an abandoned village in northern Greece and demonstrated that they have unique micromorphological characteristics that differentiate them from natural soils.
TL;DR: In this article, the importance of sufficient masonry mortar joint-bond strength when a structure is subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane loads has been emphasized by several researchers.
Abstract: The importance of sufficient masonry mortar joint-bond strength when a structure is subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane loads has been emphasized by several researchers. However, masonry unit/mortar bond strength is difficult to predict, and performing mechanical tests on existing masonry buildings to determine masonry flexural bond and shear bond strengths is generally not practical, such that predictive expressions relating the masonry flexural bond and shear bond strengths to other masonry properties are desirable. Although relationships between brick/mortar bond and compressive strength have been investigated previously by researchers located in many different parts of the world, most of these studies were laboratory-based and did not include testing of existing masonry buildings within their scope. The writers aimed to characterize the material properties of New Zealand unreinforced clay brick masonry (URM) buildings that were generally built between 1880 and 1930, with in situ testing and...
TL;DR: In this article, the results of a series of shear tests carried out on wall panels reinforced with two techniques by means of jacketing with GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers) mesh inserted inside an inorganic matrix and a reinforced repointing of mortar joints using high strength stainless steel cords were provided.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the influence of the FRCM confinement and the brick patterns on the load-carrying capacity of the confined columns and the failure mode could be different from the one observed for masonry columns confined with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites.
Abstract: The overarching goal of this work is to provide a fundamental understanding of the behavior of solid brick masonry columns confined with fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites. FRCM is a newly-developed type of composite material comprised of a cementitious inorganic matrix (binder) and embedded fibers that are usually bundled to improve the bond between the matrix and the fibers. Compression tests were carried out to investigate the influence of the FRCM confinement and the brick patterns on the load-carrying capacity of the confined columns. Compression tests were conducted on brick masonry columns with different brick configurations. Digital image correlation measurements on the surface of the composite and on the surface of the brick for the control specimens were attempted in order to understand the role of the mortar joints and the arch effect across the section of the columns due to the confinement. The experimental results indicate that FRCM composites can effectively increase the load-carrying capacity of brick masonry columns and the failure mode could be different from the one observed for masonry columns confined with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites.
TL;DR: A life cycle assessment (LCA) study, to identify and quantify the environmental performance of the brick as a product, is carried out for the traditional brick kilns in and around the Sangli - Karad area of western Maharashtra, India as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the mechanical behavior of bricks subjected to moisture and salt crystallization, and aimed at determining the mechanical degradation of bricks due to these environmental factors, and provided novel information about the effects of moisture and salts on the compression strength of bricks.
TL;DR: A two-stage sintered process has been proposed to recovery of Zn and Pb and reutilization of the zinc smelting slag to produce lightweight bricks that were below the regulatory thresholds of Chinese National Standards.
TL;DR: In this paper, the scaling of hollow clay brick masonry with fully mortared head and bed joints was investigated and the experimental results show a good match between full-scale and half-scale masonry.
Abstract: When testing multi-storey structures, most testing facilities require the testing of a reduced-scale model. A literature review on tests of scaled masonry structural components revealed that scaling of masonry was rather challenging and often significant differences in stiffness, strength and failure mechanisms between the different sized masonry were reported. This paper addresses the scaling of hollow clay brick masonry with fully mortared head and bed joints. We investigate different choices of scaling brick units and mortar joints. Based on the results of an extensive test programme including standard material tests and quasi-static cyclic tests on masonry walls subjected to horizontal and axial loads, we formulate recommendations for the production of a half-scale model of unreinforced masonry structures. The experimental results show a good match between full-scale and half-scale masonry. We discuss the differences in material properties that remained and compare the force-displacement hystereses obtained for the wall tests.
TL;DR: In this paper, a tridimensional model of the heat transfer in the system is considered to determine the validity conditions of the one dimensional model used to represent the center temperature of a building.
TL;DR: The 106µm particle size dross brick can serve as acid refractory because its properties compared well with medium-alumina fireclay and exhibits relatively low cold crush strength.
Abstract: The study on the physio-mechanical behavior of aluminum dross has been carried out. The amount of aluminum dross used varied between 50 and 90 wt %, while bentonite added to the dross varied from 10- 50 wt % with a fixed amount of water. Using dross particle sizes of 106 µm and 184 µm, 10 samples are produced from each particle size. The bricks are dried in still air for 24hrs at 31oC, oven drying at 110oC for 24hrs and sintered at 450oC for 8hrs. The bricks characteristics in terms of volume shrinkage, apparent porosity, bulk density, cold crush strengths and permeability are then evaluated. The results show that the 106µm particle size dross brick has the highest volume shrinkage of 24%, apparent porosity of 15% and peak bulk density of 1.9g/c.c. However, the dross brick exhibits relatively low cold crush strength of 940KN/m². The 106µm size bricks demonstrate a minimum of 85% permeability compared with 70 wt% of 184 µm bricks which may be due to variation in dross particles agglomeration. Given these results, the 106µm particle size brick can serve as acid refractory because its properties compared well with medium-alumina fireclay.
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was applied to classify 29 bricks from 7 different localities using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra.