Showing papers on "Brick published in 2007"
TL;DR: In this paper, a preliminary study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using crushed brick and tile aggregate derived from construction and demolition waste stream as a replacement of fine aggregate in concrete.
Abstract: In 2004, over 20 million tonnes of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes were generated in Hong Kong. Since the local landfills will be saturated in about 8 years, it is important to find a viable way to reuse these waste materials as to alleviate the demand on public fill capacity. In order to tackle the problem, the Hong Kong government has set up a temporary recycling facility in Hong Kong in 2002 for producing different sizes of recycled aggregate for use in various construction materials. This paper summarizes the details of the construction of the Hong Kong Wetland Park which consumed approximately 14,300 m3 of concrete prepared with recycled aggregate. However, as of today, the recycled aggregate being reused is stringently restricted to recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). The use of other wastes such as brick and ceramic tile aggregate is prohibited momentarily even the combination of bricks and ceramic tiles constitutes a large portion of the C&D wastes. In order to facilitate the wider use of the inert portion of the C&D wastes, a preliminary study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using crushed brick and tile aggregate derived from construction and demolition waste stream as a replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. The effects of the use of fine crushed brick and tile aggregate as a 20 wt.% replacement of natural sand on the fresh and mechanical properties are presented.
304 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of waste materials and some stabilisers were investigated thoroughly and some concrete conclusions were drawn, such as the ability of fiber reinforced mud bricks to fulfill the compressive strength and heat conductivity requirements of the ASTM and Turkish standards.
218 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of brick masonry were studied using table-moulded bricks and wire-cut bricks of India with various types of mortars and various sizes of prisms and wallettes.
Abstract: The characteristics of brick masonry are influenced by the properties of bricks and mortar. This paper attempts at studying the properties of brick masonry using table moulded bricks and wire-cut bricks of India with various types of mortars. The strength and elastic modulus of brick masonry under compression have been evaluated for strong-brick soft-mortar and soft-brick strong-mortar combinations. Various sizes of prisms and wallettes have been tested during these experiments to study the size effect and different bonding arrangements. The failure mechanisms of such specimens have been studied. Attempts are also made to derive empirical relationships for masonry strength as a function of brick and mortar strength in the Indian context.
210 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of fine marble blocks as byproduct of the sawing operation of marble blocks in the ceramic raw material (clayey matrix) is discussed, and the results depict the possibility of using this byproduct in the paste composition of ceramic bricks for the use in civil engineering construction industry, without impairment of their mechanical properties.
208 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of different stages followed during brick production and the materials and energy used in each stage is performed using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, which is a method used to identify and quantify the environmental performance of a process or a product from "cradle to grave".
196 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the factors that influence calcined-clay brick's potential for use as a partial replacement of Portland cement and found that the optimal percentages of substitution lie between 10% to 20%.
185 citations
TL;DR: Activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides 40K, 226Ra and 232Th have been measured in house building bricks fabricated from saline soil in Pakistan and the radiological hazard parameters of the bricks under investigation have been compared with those from other locations of Pakistan and also from some other countries in Asia.
Abstract: Primordial radionuclides in building materials are one of the sources of radiation hazard in dwellings made of those materials. Activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides 40K, 226Ra and 232Th have been measured in house building bricks fabricated from saline soil. Forty samples of the bricks were collected from the brick fabrication sites and brick baking kilns in and around the saline soil areas of the districts of Lahore and Faisalabad in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The technique of gamma-ray spectroscopy using an HPGe detector with a PC-based multi-channel analyser was applied for determination of activity concentrations in the brick samples. The activity mass concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th measured in the brick samples were respectively 567.7 ± 38.3 (493–631), 28.4 ± 3.8 (23–35), and 56.0 ± 4.6 (46–65) Bq kg−1. The radiological hazards of the bricks were calculated using various models given in the literature. The radium equivalent activity was less than the accepted standard criterion value of 370 Bq kg−1 and the values of other hazard indices were also below their limit values. The radiological hazard parameters of the bricks under investigation have been compared with those from other locations of Pakistan and also from some other countries in Asia.
153 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a finite element method was used for finding accurate solutions of the heat transfer equation for five different light concrete hollow brick walls, where the conduction and convection phenomena were taken into account in this study for three different values of the mortar conductivity.
141 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the fly ash, sand and hydrated lime mixtures were steam autoclaved under different test conditions to produce brick samples, and an optimum raw material composition was found to be a mixture of 68% fly ash and 20% sand and 12% hydrated lime.
140 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the behavior of solid brick masonry columns confined by Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) is investigated. But the results of the experiments indicate strong increases in ultimate load, stiffness and ductility.
123 citations
TL;DR: The quality of bricks was assessed in terms of linear shrinkage, water absorption and compressive strength, and the cost analysis revealed that cement— tailings bricks would be uneconomical whereas the soil—tailings bricks will be very economical.
TL;DR: In this article, the penetration and corrosion resistance to copper and anode slag of six magnesia-chromite and six chrome-free refractory brick types were tested using static finger tests at a typical copper-refining temperature (1300 °C).
Abstract: The penetration and corrosion resistance to copper and anode slag of six magnesia–chromite and six chrome-free refractory brick types were tested using static finger tests at a typical copper-refining temperature (1300 °C). The microstructures of the as-delivered and tested refractory types were investigated by means of electron-probe micro-analysis (EPMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results showed that the overall wear rate of the fingers was very low, with the exception of the alumina-based brick made of fused corundum and magnesia–alumina spinel, and the magnesia-based brick made of sintered magnesia and zircon addition. In all refractory types new phases were formed as a result of slag-refractory interactions. Apart from the samples recovered from the copper zone of the latest generation of direct-bonded magnesia–chromite bricks, all the rest were completely infiltrated by copper and slag components (copper oxide, iron oxide, alumina and silica). However, the amount of infiltrated liquid in the chrome-free types was higher than in the magnesia–chromite bricks. Explanations are provided for the distinct infiltration behaviour. The results show that economically viable chrome-free refractory alternatives are still elusive for anode furnace linings.
TL;DR: In this article, the textural aspects, porometry and hydric behaviour of combinations of building materials and their durability under attack by salt crystallisation and freezing were dealt with, and four types of lime mortar were selected.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new concept wherein hollow clay tiles (HCT) are laid over reinforced cement concrete (RCC) instead of weathering course (WC) having 75-100mm thick lime brick mortar, has been proposed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a dedicated nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) setup was built to study the moisture migration inside concrete during intense heating, and measurements were performed on fired-clay brick and calcium-silicate brick.
TL;DR: In this article, a parametric experimental study was conducted to investigate the potential use of limestone powder wastes (LPW) and wood sawdust wastes (WSW) combination for producing a lightweight composite as a building material.
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimization of the production of fired clay brick is essential for the sustainability of the clay brick industry, while there exist areas for improvement of these bricks' properties when they are fired.
Abstract: The optimization of the production of fired clay brick is essential for the sustainability of the clay brick industry. While there exist areas for improvement of these bricks’ properties when they ...
Patent•
2 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, an automated brick laying system for constructing a building from a plurality of bricks is presented, where a robot (12) is provided with a brick laying and adhesive applying head (18), a measuring system (13), and a controller (14) that provides control data to the robot to lay the bricks (16) at predetermined locations.
Abstract: An automated brick laying system (10) for constructing a building from a plurality of bricks (16) comprises a robot (12) provided with a brick laying and adhesive applying head (18), a measuring system (13), and a controller (14) that provides control data to the robot (12) to lay the bricks (16) at predetermined locations The measuring system (13) measures in real time the position of the head (18) and produces position data for the controller (14) The controller (14) produces control data on the basis of a comparison between the position data and a predetermined or pre-programmed position of the head (18) to lay a brick (16) at a predetermined position for the building under construction The controller (14) can control the robot (12) to construct the building in a course by course manner where the bricks (16) are laid sequentially at their respective predetermined positions and where a complete course of bricks for the entire building is laid prior to laying of the brick for the next course
TL;DR: In this article, the sintering characteristics and material properties of TFT-LCD waste glass, which can be pulverized and ground and subsequently blended with clay, are investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) technique was applied to quartz extracted from brick, and the results indicated that the technique is capable of producing dates that are in consistently good agreement with independent dating evidence for the buildings.
Abstract: Fired clay brick samples, obtained from a group of seven high-status late-medieval and post-medieval buildings in England ranging in age from c. ad 1390 to 1740, were dated by the luminescence method using an optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) technique. The results obtained indicate that, when applied to quartz extracted from brick, the technique is capable of producing dates that are in consistently good agreement with independent dating evidence for the buildings. For six samples taken from a group of four dating 'control' buildings the mean difference between the central values of luminescence and assigned ages was 5 ± 10 years (SD, n = 6). The methodology used is appropriate for application to other standing buildings in other temporal and geographic regions, and may be used with confidence where conventional dating methods are less certain. The study also examines the luminescence characteristics of quartz and the characteristics of the lithogenic radionuclides in brick samples and identifies various aspects related to the assessment of experimental uncertainty in testing the reliability of the method.
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical strategy based on a multilevel approach is presented for the nonlinear analysis of brick masonry walls as in-plane prototypes of large masonry structures, based on an iterative scheme which uses two different, local and global, modelings of the masonry mechanics contemporarily.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the variation of brick durability and, more specifically, its resistance to salt crystallisation produced by changes in its microstructure during firing, and found that an excellent durability is achieved in the bricks studied when fired at temperatures above 1000∘C.
Abstract: In the article we study the variation of brick durability and, more specifically, its resistance to salt crystallisation produced by changes in its microstructure during firing. For this purpose, the evolution of both mechanical and pore structure properties are studied within a wide range of temperatures (700–1100∘C). An increase in the firing temperature produces a more homogeneous and resistant brick, measured using ultrasound velocity and uniaxial compressive strength. This result is obtained thanks to the vitrification process and changes in the brick's pore structure: larger, rounder pores, which are quantified by their roundness and fractal dimension. As a result of these changes, an excellent durability is achieved in the bricks studied when fired at temperatures above 1000∘C. Considering that few differences are noted in pore structure and brick strength between 1000 and 1100∘C, the recommended firing temperature is, for raw materials with a similar composition and production process, 1000∘C, as this involves a lower production cost than firing at 1100∘C.
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown in laboratory and by a small pilot test that it is possible to remove the salt by applying an electric DC field to the masonry, but the method needs further development before it can be used in actual buildings.
Abstract: When newly plastered masonry facades show dark moist areas at a certain height or the plaster is loose from the masonry, the problem is often linked to increased salt content within the masonry. In the first case, the salts result in hygroscopic moisture and in the latter the salts are precipitating in the interface between the plaster and the masonry resulting in the plaster loosing adhesion. High salt concentrations can further result in salt weathering of masonry where the brick and/or mortar are/is seriously damaged. There is a lack of proven methods for the removal of salts from masonry. In the present paper, it is shown in laboratory and by a small pilot test that it is possible to remove the salt by applying an electric DC field to the masonry. Very low salt concentrations can be obtained in the laboratory, but the method needs further development before it can be used in actual buildings. The pilot test did show that salts can be removed from real salt contaminated masonry.
TL;DR: Treated sediments were introduced in the production of clay bricks and the results obtained show that the Novosol process leads to the immobilization of most heavy metals and can be considered as an efficient tool for the stabilisation of polluted marine sediment.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of grog addition up to 20% on the extrusion stage as well as on properties and microstructure of bricks fired at 700°C was evaluated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the geochemical and sedimentological compositions of mud bricks from a feature called the Square Enclosure in the eastern desert necropolis of the ancient town site of El Hibeh, Egypt, were investigated along with surface sediments from the local Nile floodplain for the purpose of establishing possible sources of the mud brick.
TL;DR: In this article, the joint is the only part of the masonry that is affected by manual action and so the work is focused on how to make industrial masonry component products with reduced variation in mechanical properties.
Abstract: Masonry component products are increasingly made industrially with reduced variation in mechanical properties. The joint is the only part of the masonry that is affected by manual action and so the...
Patent•
21 Sep 2007
TL;DR: An anchor assembly for joining together a masonry wall structure and a supporting back wall structure is described in this article, where the back wall is formed using insulated concrete form (ICF) blocks each having a pair of opposed ICF panels associated therewith, the anchor assembly including an anchor member and a tie member.
Abstract: An anchor assembly for use in joining together a masonry wall structure and a supporting back wall structure wherein the back wall structure is preferably formed using insulated concrete form (ICF) blocks each having a pair of opposed ICF panels associated therewith, the anchor assembly including an anchor member and a tie member. The anchor member includes an anchor portion adapted to penetrate one of the ICF panels and having at least one opening associated therewith so as to lie between the opposed ICF panels when attached thereto for allowing poured concrete to flow therethrough, and an attachment portion having a tab member positioned and located to overlay an ICF panel flange member when the anchor member is inserted within the ICF panel, the tab member being attachable to the ICF panel flange member. The attachment portion further includes an elongated slot for receiving the tie member, the tie member being adjustably movable along the length of the slot so as to be positionable between the courses of brick or other masonry material associated with the masonry wall structure as the masonry wall structure is being erected.
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of wastes produced in phosphoric acid plants and boron concentrators in producing structural brick has been investigated, and the results have shown that the industrial wastes produced by the plants can improve the performance of the bricks in terms of drying shortening, weight loss and water absorption.