Abstract: This paper focuses on some issues pertaining to brick-mortar bond and masonry compressive strength Failure theories for masonry under compression make the assumption that the bond between brick and mortar remains intact at the time of failure of the brick or mortar The influence of bond strength on masonry compressive strength is not fully accounted for in these failure theories In this investigation, the influence of bond strength on masonry compressive strength has been examined through an experimental program using local bricks and mortars Masonry prism compressive strength has been determined when the brick-mortar bond strength is varied over a wide range without altering the strength and deformation characteristics of the brick and mortar Brick-mortar bond strength has been determined through flexure bond strength and shear bond strength tests A relationship between the masonry prism compressive strength and bond strength has been obtained The results clearly indicate that an increase in bond strength, while keeping the mortar strength constant, leads to an increase in the compressive strength of masonry

Abstract: A large quantity of water treatment residual is generated each year from fresh water treatment plants in Taiwan Landfill disposal of the nonhazardous sludge is impractical because of the high cost of transportation and an increasing scarcity of landfill sites in Taiwan The water treatment residual was characterized; the ceramic bodies were prepared and sintered to formulate into building bricks and artificial aggregates The sintering temperature requirement by the water treatment residual was higher than normally practiced in brick works due to the higher Al2 O3 and lower Si O2 content The excavation waste soil, practically clay, was blended with water treatment residual to improve the brick quality Under the commonly practiced brick-making condition, up to 15% of water treatment residual could be added to produce first grade brick specified by the National Science Council (NSC) Test results of specific gravity, water absorption, and compressive strength of the artificial aggregates confirmed its ap

Abstract: The testing described in this paper was performed to establish the physical and mechanical properties of new and recycled crushed clay brick aggregates for use in portland cement concrete (PCC). Various physical and mechanical properties of eight different types of aggregates were determined and compared with the limits set out in the British Standards for aggregate from natural sources used in concrete. The results were also compared with granite aggregate that has been proved to be a good natural aggregate for producing PCC. The results showed that most of the crushed clay-brick aggregates tested can be used in producing PCC for low-level civil engineering applications and that some kinds of brick aggregate possess good physical and mechanical properties that qualify them for producing high-quality concrete.

Abstract: An experimental research concerning the uniaxial compressive behaviour of stone and brick specimens, as well as masonry prisms, is presented. Local sandstone and clay brick materials were used in order to obtain results representative with respect to local constructions. Aiming at a comprehensive material description, a set of displacement-controlled experiments were carried out, both under monotonic and cyclic compressive loading. The procedure adopted for testing is described and the results are discussed, namely material brittleness, intrinsic variability, energy dissipation and stiffness degradation.

Abstract: A wall system, particularly for thin stone or thin brick veneer walls, has a plurality of stones or bricks with grooves running along the upper and lower edges and a plurality of clips for linking the stones or bricks. One type of clip having one or more connecting flanges links an upper stone or brick to a lower stone or brick with the one or more connecting flanges housed within the groove in the lower edge of the upper stone or brick and within the groove in the upper edge of the lower stone or brick. The one or more connecting flanges of the clip depend from one or more base flanges of the clip and have a width just equal to the distance from the rear face to the groove of the upper and lower stones or bricks. The one or more base flanges of the clip depend from a support flange of the clip. The support flange has one or more apertures for accepting a screw or nail for fastening the clip to a structural wall.

Abstract: 169 Samenvatting 171 References 172 Glossary and abbreviations 179 Variables, symbols and notations 181

Abstract: The ongoing accumulation of industrial waste speaks to the need to seek cost-effective disposal methods. Brick manufacture would appear to be particularly promising in this regard. The present study analyzes the possibility of recycling the sludge generated in porcelain tile polishing, as well as coal, steel and municipal incinerator ash to make a special type of facing brick whose properties readily accommodate a full analysis of all the problems deriving from the incorporation of residue in its manufacture. Physical-chemical, mechanical and structural analyses were performed on bricks made with varying percentages of the different types of waste considered. This first paper reports the results of the physical arid technological characterization of the products; the second part of the research will address their chemical, mechanical and structural properties.

Abstract: Distributed Shortest-Positioning Time First (D-SPTF) is a request distribution protocol for decentralized systems of storage servers. D-SPTF exploits high-speed interconnects to dynamically select which server, among those with a replica, should service each read request. In doing so, it simultaneously balances load, exploits the aggregate cache capacity, and reduces positioning times for cache misses. For network latencies expected in storage clusters (e.g., 10--200μs), D-SPTF performs as well as would a hypothetical centralized system with the same collection of CPU, cache, and disk resources. Compared to popular decentralized approaches, D-SPTF achieves up to 65% higher throughput and adapts more cleanly to heterogenous server capabilities.

Abstract: The present invention provides production process of zirconia-corundum refractory brick Zirconia-corundum refractory brick is produced with high temperature alumina powder, zircon, decilicified zirconia, sodium carbonate, borax and waste secondary molten material as material The component contents are controlled in the batched smelting process so as to produce low cost and high quality zirconia-corundum refractory brick

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fluidized-bed reactor for the thermal treatment of fluidizable substances, comprising at least one means for feeding microwave radiation into the fluidized-bed reactor and a metallic reactor wall defining the reactor and having a thermal insulation coating. To increase the energy utilization of such reactors, it is proposed in accordance with the invention that the thermal insulation coating is provided on the inside of the reactor wall and has an outer layer as seen from the reactor wall, which comprises refractory brick and/or refractory concrete as well as an inner layer comprising light-weight refractory brick and/or insulating concrete.

Abstract: A wall covering comprised of a plurality of panels formed with a simulated hand laid brick and mortar design. The panels are mounted in horizontal courses with a lower marginal edge region of one panel being in overlying relation to the upper marginal edge region of a panel in a previously mounted course. The upper and lower marginal edge regions have a tapered seating design which enable close positioning of the brick and mortar of two mating panels with the mortar lines between the brick being in substantially coplanar relation with each other and with the simulated brick each protruding a uniform distance from the mortar lines with an esthetic and natural appearance. The junction between mating panels is substantially unnoticeable and the uniformity of the brick and mortar design does not incur unsightly shadowing that can detract from the natural appearance.

Abstract: In 2004, the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase 1 grant to Freight Pipeline Company. The purpose of the grant is to improve the freeze/thaw properties of compacted fly ash bricks, so that such bricks will not deteriorate prematurely in cold climate, and they can be used anywhere in the United States for various commercial purposes. It has been established through previous research that by mixing Class-C fly ash with approximately 10% water, strong fly ash brick can be produced at compaction pressure of 3,000 psi, approximately. The bricks produced, upon two weeks of curing, have compressive strength exceeding that required by ASTM for ordinary bricks. The fly ash bricks also have good water absorption property and low permeability. However, they can only survive about 8 cycles of freeze/thaw, which is far short of the ASTM-Standard requirement of 50 cycles. Once this freeze/thaw property of the flyash bricks is improved sufficiently to pass the 50-cycle ASTM Standard, the brick will have an excellent future for commercial acceptance. With the NFS funding, Freight Pipeline Company tested various methods designed to improve the freeze/thaw property of the compacted fly ash bricks, including: (1) using higher compaction pressure and optimum fly-ash-to-water ratio, (2) adding a small amount of fiber to the fly ash before compaction, (3) adding some cement or lime to the fly ash before compaction, (4) using certain liquid sealants to coat the bricks, (5) using a higher compaction pressure to make stronger bricks, (6) lengthening the curing time in order to make stronger bricks, (7) use of a split mold to make better bricks, and (8) use of an air-entrainment agent to improve the freeze/thaw property of the bricks. The tests showed that some of the methods that further improve the compressive strength of the brick do not necessarily result in an improvement in the freeze/thaw property. For instance, method 3 (adding 5% Portland cement or lime), method 1 (using higher compaction pressure), and method 6 (lengthening curing), all result in stronger compressive strength of the fly ash brick, but they have no beneficial effect on enhancing the freeze/thaw property of the fly ash brick. On the other hand, methods that do not enhance the compressive strength of the fly ash brick, such as using fiber (method 2) and air entrainment (method 8), did show significant improvement of the freeze/thaw property. With all practical matters taken into account, including freeze/thaw resistance and simplicity in processing, the air entrainment method appears to be the most effective and practical. It enables the bricks to pass the 50-cycle freeze/thaw without damage. More tests are currently underway to evaluate the effectiveness of air entrainment

Abstract: A method for automatically shaping the load-bearing hollow brick includes such steps as preparing concrete, stirring, filling in mould, inserting core mould while vibrating, hydraulic pressing, and demoulding. Its apparatus is composed of electric power control box, control mechanism, motor, concrete preparing system, shaping system, feeding unit, and discharging unit.

Abstract: Owing to shortage of space for land reclamation in Hong Kong, it is difficult to dispose tons of concrete waste generated daily from construction activities. This research aims to adopt Recycled Aggregate (RA) from concrete waste for higher grades of concrete construction. The three parts study is divided. The first part investigates the waste management and recycling in the construction industry by providing methods in managing the waste problems created by the local construction industry. Telephone-interview to the recycling firms, site visits to Construction and Demolition (CD ten material recycling practices are studied, including: i) asphalt; ii) brick; iii) concrete; iv) ferrous metal; v) glass; vi) masonry; vii) non-ferrous metal; viii) paper and cardboard; ix) plastic; and x) timber. Among various types of waste sources, concrete waste was found to be the major proportions between them. Adoption of RA from crushing the demolished concrete wastes thus becomes a burning issue. However, the use of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) to higher grade applications is rarely reported because of its poor compressive strength and high variability in mechanical behaviour. The benefits, difficulties, and recommendations in adopting RAC are thus explored and reported. The second part includes experimental works for examining the characteristics of RA and the properties of RAC. There are six groups of experimental works in investigating the characteristics of RA, namely: i) particle size distribution; ii) particle density; iii) porosity and absorption; iv) particle shape; v) strength and toughness; and vi) chemical composition. The properties of twelve RA samples and their correlations are explored. As the properties of RA are the main criteria to define their construction applications, classification system is developed, and aided with two new innovative testing techniques: i) Timely Assessment of Water Absorption (TAWA) for measuring the water absorption rate of RA without changing the behaviour of the original RA; and ii) Classification System on Cement Mortar Remains (CSCement) for measuring the amount of cement mortar attached to RA. For the production of RAC, eight groups of experimental works

Abstract: Mud-brick architecture, though it has received less academic attention than stone architecture, was in fact the more common of the two in ancient Egypt; unfired brick, made from mud, river, or desert clay, was used as the primary building material for houses throughout Egyptian history and was employed alongside stone in tombs and temples of all eras and regions. Construction of walls and vaults in mud-brick was economical and relatively technically uncomplicated, and mud-brick architecture provided a more comfortable and more adaptable living and working environment when compared to stone buildings.

Abstract: A structural configuration for rapidly assembling walls and linings of insulating firebricks and prefabricated insulating modules that aligns the bricks or modules during assembly with grooves and inserts, minimizes the amount of through joints in the completed structure, and allows the full height of each brick or module to be utilized in the completed structure is provided.

Abstract: The three-sectional low temperature sludge drying and pelletizing system includes sludge pre-treating system, heat supplying system, and dedusting and deairing system It has been used practically and the application shows that it can dry sludge from sewage treating yard to form pellets suitable for use in baking light brick and cement product while utilizing its heat resource

Abstract: The salt diffusion in fully saturated brick at isothermal condition is investigated. A commonly used experiment methodology, diffusion cell method, is adopted to estimate the salt diffusion coefficient. The mathematical model is developed. An approximate analytical solution is given. The solution agrees with the numerical solution. The analytical solution has applications in a wide number of fields with diffusion cell method. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficients of different types of salt for different types of brick are discussed.

Abstract: This is an underground hidden digging separated working method it is double layers or multiple layers complex lining brick structure. It contains: Use the existing shallow bury hidden digging technology to finish the lining bricks structure upper parts, and use the routine technology to finish the original support and protection. After finished the original protection and support of vault part, to spread out the water-proof plate and finish the middle separated plate to use the ground model, and pouring cement slurry to make the upper part structure. Under the protected of middle separated plate, then to make the structure under the middle separated plate, to finish the whole working process finally.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an environment-protecting pervious brick structure and its making method. Said pervious brick includes upper brick layer and lower brick layer which are made up by means of one-body baking process. the thickness of said lower brick layer is 75-95% of total thickness of said perious brick, and said upper brick layer and lower brick layer are respectively formed from ceramic fine granules and coarse granules in which the additive and adhesive are mixed. The compression strength of said perivous brick is above 300 kgf/sq.cm, its bending strength is 50kgf/sq.cm and its perviousness is greater than 0.035ml.cm/sq.mm.sec.

Abstract: The present invention belongs to a building brick made of fly ash, mortar and their production method The raw material composition of brick includes (by wt%) fly ash 70-80, lime 7-13, gypsum 0-13, cement 0-5 and the rest is aggregate, and the raw material composition of mortar includes fly ash 70-80, lime 7-13, cement 0-5 and the rest is aggregate Besides, said invention also provides the concrete steps of their production method

Abstract: The invention relates to bricks made from plant fiber and residual garbage and their manufacturing method, wherein the bricks comprises stalk powder, residual garbage powder, cement, adhesive, and curing agent by the weight portion of vegetable stalk powder 30-50, residual garbage powder 30-40, cement 5-15, adhesive 3-10, and hardening agent 0003-3

Abstract: The invention is a iolite-mullite light fireproof brick and its preparing method, and its characteristic: using coal gangue 40.0-79.8 Wt.%, magnesia 10.0-30.0Wt.%, and iron-removed bauxite 10.0-30.0 Wt.% as main raw materials, adding in sawdust 0.02-0.2 Wt.%; adding water in water-solid ratio=0.5-0.6 in a ball mill for mixing and milling, and milling up to the screening allowance of a 44 mum-pore size sieve less than 2.0Wt.%; then throwing in a mud press to form mud cake, uniformly mixing the mud cake with organic substances: sawdust, etc, and then making extrudsion forming by a mud extruder, or manually beating or making pour forming. The crude blank is dried and then burned at 1200-14400 deg.C, and then made into iolite and mullite by solid- and liquid- phase reaction. The brick blank is cut and milled to obtain the light fireproof brick with cordierite and mullite as main crystal phase. It uses solid wastes of coal gangue and can save energy sources in burning course by using combustibles in the coal gangue, and at the same time, it is easy maintain a reducing atmosphere in the brick blank, beneficial to optimizing the product properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to a manufacturing method for artic texture brick and its device. The method includes material confection, grinding, squeezing, corroding, vacuuming, forming, drying, pasting, baking, selecting and separating, and packaging processes. The material is put into the grinder to be humidity grinded for 4-16 hours, the water content of mud pump is controlled from 30%-35%, the thinness after being grinded can reach 200 items and has error bout 1% to 15%; the mud material with two different colors are put into the vacuum squeezer, and they are blended together in the mixing box, and they are cooled by water around the spiral squeezer, the temperature of squeezed brick is controlled between 30deg.C and 60deg.C, cuts and abolishes the surface skin at two ends. Then uses mobile multi-layer pasting method to paste the brick, and bakes them.