Abstract: The prediction of wall losses is a fundamental aspect in the planning of cellular systems. The broad variety of building materials and construction codes makes accurate attenuation prediction very difficult without the support of specific construction data or measurements. In this paper, the attenuation and equivalent electric parameters /spl epsiv/ and /spl sigma/ of brick and doubly reinforced concrete walls are estimated for the 900-MHz band by fitting simple ray tracing models to empirical transmission data. The measurement setup is described, and extensive experimental results justifying the quasioptical modeling are presented.

Abstract: This investigation was performed to develop technology for manufacturing cast-concrete products using Class F fly ash, coal-combustion bottom ash, and used foundry sand. A total of 18 mixture proportions with and without the by-products was developed for manufacture of bricks, blocks, and paving stones. Replacement rates, by mass, for sand with either bottom ash or used foundry sand were 25 and 35%. Replacement rates, by mass, for portland cement with fly ash were 25 and 35% for bricks and blocks, and 15 and 25% for paving stones. Analysis of test data revealed that bricks with up to 25% replacement of cement and blocks with up to 25% replacement of cement and sand with recycled materials are suitable for use in both cold and warm climates. Other bricks and blocks were appropriate for building interior walls in cold regions and both interior and exterior walls in warm regions. Paving stones with 15% replacement of cement with fly ash showed higher strength, freezing and thawing resistance, and abrasion resistance than the control specimens.

Abstract: materials in Iran. The heavy weight of bricks accounts for the great mass of construction and thus causes more vulnerability against earthquake forces. In the present work, it is, therefore, tried to reduce the density of the bricks, as well as improve thermal insulation properties. Polystyrene foam is one of the substances that is added to the raw materials of bricks, as a pore-forming material. The effect of PSF type and its content in the mix, and also the effect of firing process temperature of the bricks on density, water absorption and compressive strength, are investigated and discussed in this paper.

Abstract: In the deterioration of porous building materials, one could say that water is the root of all evil. This book covers the topic of water transport as few have with a focus on flow in commonly used construction materials. There are numerous books concerning flow through porous media, the majority of which are related to groundwater transport through soil. Certainly the extensive work done in the areas of soil physics and petroleum engineering form a sound theoretical basis. The authors draw on this knowledge and refine it to peculiarities encountered with waters interaction with brick, stone, and concrete.

Abstract: The present invention is the production process of environment protecting water and air permeable brick in roller kiln. The brick is produced with waste and has excellent noise absorbing performance,excellent water and air permeability, high safety and technological performance.

Abstract: Leaching of arsenic from brick manufactured from arsenic and iron sludge has been investigated in this study. TCLP result shows that leached metal concentrations are far below the regulated TCLP limits and the quantities of metal leached from sludge are less than those from dried sludge. The results of Atterberg limits tests of moulded sludge-clay mixtures indicated that both plastic index and dry shrinkage decrease with an increasing amount of sludge in the mixture. Results of tests indicated that the sludge proportion and firing temperature were the two key factors determining the quality of brick. Increasing the firing temperature and decreasing the amount of sludge in the brick resulted in a decrease of water absorption. The appropriate percentage of sludge content for producing quality bricks was in the range of 15 to 25% by weight with a 15 to 18% optimum moisture content prepared in the moulded mixture and firing at 1000C for 6 hours. This study showed that arsenic and iron sludge could be used as brick material.

Abstract: A thin brick panel system and method of forming a thin brick wall includes an expanded polystyrene foam panel having a plurality of laterally extending channels formed therein for receiving a plurality of thin brick units. The thin brick units are bonded to the channels in the foam panel and the seams between adjacent bricks are filled with a mortar that bonds to the foam panel. The foam panel may be attached to a substrate with an adhesive as well as fasteners. Strips of a mesh fabric may span several panels to bind the panels together to form a structurally sound thin brick wall.

Abstract: In the quest for economy, quality and sustainable development ; it is imperative to find suitable alternative to existing materials and methods of brick manufacturing. With this in mind, some experiments were carried out in laboratory to reduce consumption of soil in bricks by adding fly ash and to investigate the effect of fly ash on properties of bricks. Different proportions of fly ash and different baking temperatures were tried to investigate their effects on compressive strength and water absorption quality of bricks by casting and testing about 1000 bricks in laboratory. The test results show that the compressive strength of bricks can be improved by 4 to 5 times for certain proportion of fly ash and certain baking temperature. The property of water absorption of bricks can also be improved. This advocates the use offly ash as a supplementary material to soil by reducing consumption of soil in brick manufacturing towards the efforts of maintaining ecological balance through sustainable development of natural resources. Further, consumption of fly ash will reduce the problem of its disposal to some extent.

Abstract: Salts causes surface damages and efflorescence for masonry walls. This has increased the interest to understand the salt transfer phenomena taking place in porous matrix. There is still however a lack of published transport data in the literature. Especially the diffusion coefficients of salts in different brick structures are lacking. In this work a method for measuring the rate of diffusion of salt in ceramic material is presented and applied to the measurement of diffusivity of NaCl in three different brick materials. Fick's first law of diffusion was applied to calculate the diffusion coefficients in a pseudo stationary state by means of linear regression analysis. The result for the diffusivity of 0.05 molar NaCl in water in new Finnish red brick was (0.499 ± 0.004 ) * 10−5 cm2/s in the temperature of 25 ± 0.05°C. The corresponding values for the old light brick and old dark brick was (0.453 ± 0.008) * 10−5 cm2/s and (0.337 ± 0.009) * 10−5 cm2/s respectively. The diffusion coefficients are given as an effective diffusion coefficients calculated with the porosity value measured to each of the specimen. The concept of salt diffusion and diffusion mechanism inside the porous matrix are also discussed.

Abstract: A method for planning the construction of a brick wall, a brick allocating program, and a brick allocating system for allocating bricks, metal plates, and bolts and nuts in a DUP construction method, the method comprising the steps of specifying lattice-like XY coordinates forming square grids, setting odd stage tightening grids (α) and even stage tightening grids (β) alternately in X- and Y-directions, positioning the bricks (10) at the end parts of a wall body on reference grids (Ϝ) so that the first square half parts of the bricks having bolt insert holes (30) match the odd stage or the even stage tightening grids, arranging, in order, the odd stage or even stage bricks starting at the reference grids, and disposing the metal plates so that at least one bolt hole (53) in the metal plate (50) on each stage is positioned at the odd number stage or the even number stage tightening grids.

Abstract: A spacer is provided that includes at least one rail of plastic, steel, rebar, or the like that runs along a top surface of a modular construction material such as a brick or block. At least one transverse rail is connected to the length-running rail. The transverse rail is also constructed of plastic, steel, rebar, or the like and runs width-wise along the top surface of the brick/block. Connected to the rails is a number of spacing studs that define a desired mortar depth. The spacing studs may include removable clips that are configured to engage the rails. Accordingly, the clips have a height equal to the desired mortar depth. The present invention may alternatively include a kit comprising the rails, clips, and bricks/blocks.

Abstract: Thaumasite has been recognized as constituent of salt efflorescences occurring within the cementitious mortar connecting the brick framework. It gives rise to swelling fissures and scaly detachments; furthermore, to heaving, curving and spalling of the perimeter walls. The sand aggregate of the mortar contains carbonates (calcite 25–40%, dolomite 20–35% and aragonite 5–20%). The bricks rarely contain negligible amounts of gypsum, whereas, together with Mg–calcite and dolomite, it constitutes very thin patinas covering some bricks exposed to south: probably, such patinas originated by precipitation from solution percolating through the joint mortar. It is noteworthy that thaumasite efflorescences are mainly located at the north-side of the perimeter masonry, and their amount is higher (up to 30%) on the internal walls where lack of direct sun-radiation, narrow range of temperature changes and dew-condensation conditions actually keep up a rather constant and relatively high room moisture ratio, and low temperature. The most probable source of pollutants should be discharges (exhaust gases, as sulphur oxides) from the large petrol-chemistry industrial area located in the neighbourhood of Mestre town, inside the Venice lagoon. Morphological features and air drying behaviour of the thaumasite crystals, as observed by Environmental-SEM, indicate that their growth took place in conditions far from equilibrium, e.g. at different supersaturation values.

Abstract: An application of waste brick in treating sewage is dislcosed, which features that the leftover of brick is mechanically broken to become the granular adsorbent of harmful element (P, etc) in sewageIts advantages are high adsorptive ability and low cost

Abstract: Archaeomagnetic dates derived from geomagnetic field direction records in baked materials are proposed for a mediaeval brick kiln (from inclination I and declination D) and for bricks from a brick wall (from I only) in northern Belgium. They are used to verify whether a brick chronology based on the format of bricks is feasible in Flanders. The brick kiln yielded a highly reliable average magnetization direction corresponding to an archaeomagnetic date around A.D. 1650, using the British and French geomagnetic field secular variation curves as a reference, at least half a century younger than expected from historical data. The fidelity of the geomagnetic records was controlled by measuring the magnetic anisotropy of the bricks. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements demonstrate that the bricks have a shape related magnetic fabric, which is induced during the molding process. A test to control whether AMS can substitute for the anisotropy of thermo-remanent magnetization (ATRM) failed because of induced changes during laboratory heating. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for unloading and binding brick or other components include an infeed conveyor that delivers layers of brick to a transfer distribution carriage. The distribution carriage repositions the brick layers on either an outfeed conveyor or a tine conveyor. The layers of bricks carried by the outfeed conveyor are moved to where a tine layer is positioned on their upper surface. The tine conveyor divides the bricks into an arrangement of rows spaced apart to define openings for receiving a lifting or moving member, so that when the tine layer is positioned in a completed stack, enables movement of the stack by a forklift or other suitable moving means. Additional layer or layers are then positioned on the tine row on a packaging conveyor so that completed stacks are delivered to a package station that binds the stack of bricks or other components into an integrated structure.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment is a method for generating a virtual brick model. The virtual brick models are generated by users and uploaded to a centralized host system. Users can build virtual models themselves or download and edit another user's virtual brick models while retaining the identity of the original virtual brick model. Routines are provided for both storing user created building steps in and generating automated building instructions for virtual brick models, generating a bill of materials for a virtual brick model and ordering physical bricks corresponding to a virtual brick model.

Abstract: Current modern building technologies use a greater variety of building materials and elements of these Lately, intensive work has been done on investigating possibilities for using different wastes as additives in the production of new ceramic building products This demonstrates that the raw material base can be enlarged and some environmental problems solvedThe present work investigates the possibility of combined utilization of sludge from the Sofia wastewater treatment plant and waste products from coke-chemical production as additives to brick clay The most appropriate combinations and concentrations of the materials used, and the means of preparing and firing the brick masses are determined The strength characteristics of the resulting products are studied The results obtained are useful in showing possibilities for the solution of environmental problems

Abstract: An ecological brick for slope lands is made from virgin materials or wasted materials and formed in a porous structure to equip water permeable and retaining properties. The brick has one side forming a space for growing plants. The space has a portion forming a cavity located deeply in the interior of the brick for holding the plants. The brick has means to couple with one another such as through holes to receive elongated reinforced bars or insert pins. The coupling means may also be formed on the peripheral sides of the brick to allow the brick to wedge and couple with one another.

Abstract: A light-weight refractory brick used for liner of high-temp furnace is prepared from mullite as primary crystal phase, huronite as binding phase, disthene and coal gangue. Its main chemical components are Al2O3 (54-57 wt.%), SiO2 (40-43), CaO (1-2), Fe2O3 (0.1-1) and impurities (0.1-0.7). Its advantages are light weight, low heat conductivity and volume density, and high strength.

Abstract: The construction process includes the steps of: base wall treatment, brushing interface mortar, scribing, constructing the heat insulating layer and leveling, painting the first layer of anti-cracking polymer mortar, spreading galvanized steel wire net and anchoring expanding bolt, painting the second layer of anti-cracking polymer mortar, adhering the facing tile and pointing joint. The galvanized steel wire net is fixed with special anchoring expansion bolts. The base wall may be reinforced concrete wall, solid brick wall, hollow brick wall, porous brick wall, air-entraining concrete block wall, etc. The heat insulating layer may be polystyrene particle layer, foamed polyurethane layer, foamed glass layer, polystyrene board, etc. The present invention makes it possible to apply heat insulting facing tile to various building wall, including wall of less compactness material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a prefabricated concrete inspection chamber. The chamber space and the chamber cylinder are both consolidated by precast reinforced concrete regulating splits. The inspection can be shaped like roundness, sector or rectangle. The vertical seams between every two regulating splits are in groove joint and are sealed by polyurethane, rubber bands or cement mortar; and the horizontal seams between every two regulating splits are in bolt connection and are sealed also by polyurethane, rubber bands or cement mortar. The chamber space and the pipelines are provided with faucets, while the joint pars are sealed by rubber bands or mortar. The chamber space and the chamber cylinder are respectively formed by supposed or side-connected regulating splits of different modulus. The socket type reinforced concrete drain pipe which has no base laid down is combined with the prefabricated concrete inspection chamber and can be matched with a flexible connector drain pipe to realize rapid construction in pipe assembly. The inspection chamber which needs no clay bricks is favorable for environmental protection; with more rapid construction speed, higher quality and higher compressive strength than the brick inspection chamber, the utility model which helps solve the problem of the road walling crib collapse is applicable for municipal main roads and the tube wells of various underground pipelines.