Abstract: The present invention relates to a production method of artificial stone wall and floor bricks, and is characterized by that its matrix is formed from stone material, and its surface is fully spread with broken conch or shell shards, after polished, its glossiness can be up to 80 gloss units, and its wearability is hight than that of natural marble. Said invented product is formed under the condition of high pressure and heating state, its product density is high, can be up to 24g/cu.cm. Said invention can fully utilize natural stone material and waste material of aquaculture industry to implement automatic industrial production of said invented wall and floor bricks, and features high production efficiency and low production cost.

Abstract: A laying structure, a laying method, and a manufacturing method for a brick suitable to each structure of a building, wherein the brick (1) comprises a bolt inserting hole (7) and through-holes (8), the bolt inserting hole has a diameter allowing a bolt (60) to be passed therethrough and the through-holes have a diameter allowing nuts (70) to be inserted thereinto, the bolt inserting hole and through-holes are orderly arranged on the longitudinal center axis of the brick, and the centers of the inserting hole and through-holes and the end faces of the brick are disposed at equal intervals in the longitudinal direction of the brick, the bricks and metal plates (51) are stacked vertically and the bricks are connected integrally with each other under prestress by the tightening of the bolts passing the vertical bolt inserting holes, the bolt inserting holes and through holes are orderly arranged vertically in a wall body crossing area at the corner part of the bricks connected at a specified angle to form continuous vertical holes, the bolt is inserted into the vertical holes, and the nuts are tightened to the bolt, whereby the vertical bricks are connected integrally with each other under prestress by the tightening of the bolts and nuts.

Abstract: An inherent weakness of masonry structures is low bond and bond strength. Although masonry bond is a result of many interrelated factors (e.g. surface texture, surface absorption and mortar composition, etc.), surface absorption of masonry units has a significant effect on masonry bond. Following a critical review of the current measurements of the surface absorption of masonry units, the theoretical bases of sorptivity as a measurement of surface absorption are presented. The limitations of sorptivity measurement are discussed through a review of the application of the concept of sorptivity to different porous building materials. An experimental programme to examine the surface absorption of masonry units is described. Analysis of the results showed sorptivity to be a simple and reliable measurement of surface absorption for masonry units that could be used in building standards.

Abstract: This paper presents experimental and theoretical research focused on the structural behavior of old brick masonry columns. To gather data on the role played by the evolution of brick–mortar interaction stresses when the load is increasing up to failure, six prototype columns made with 17th century bricks and lime mortar were prepared and tested. The instrumentation layout allowed the writers to carefully detect the cracking load and to pick out some selected strain values. Afterward, the obtained data were discussed on the basis of the well–known hypotheses characterizing the masonry stress fields and collapse events. A simple modification of the classical Hilsdorf equilibrium equation motivated by the observed experimental behavior led to a sensible interpretation of the nested phases of brittle failure endured by the masonry up to the collapse. In order to account for the changing interaction stress between mortar layers and brick courses, an influence factor was defined that was able to restore the internal equilibrium during the evolution of the column damage states. In fact, the introduced mortar influence factor holds an important position in the definition of the margin between the cracking and global failure phases, explaining why the collapse load of the column is higher than the first cracking load. Moreover, thanks to some simplifications in the analyses, it was shown that this key parameter plays the role of a strength amplification factor linked to the damage evolution, and that, consequently, it can be used in the approximate evaluation of the remaining reliability of the masonry column after the stabilized cracking phase.

Abstract: This paper presents the experimental and theoretical results of applying resonant acoustic spectroscopy (RAS) to determine elastic parameters and losses in such consolidated granular materials as rock and building bricks. First, the theoretical aspects of the RAS method are outlined. A computer code for the rectangular and cylindrical samples was developed and tested. The results of experiments on specimens of rock and ceramic brick are then described. Finally, a modification of the previously published RUS algorithm is presented which permits a significant reduction in computing time for elongated samples.

Abstract: A wall system including at least a first brick fence segment. The first brick fence segment is formed from a plurality of bricks adhered together by mortar. The wall system further includes at least a first block column connected to the first brick fence segment. The first block column includes a plurality of blocks at least one of which is a column block. The column block has a front face, a rear face, a first end, a second end, a top and a bottom. A first recess is formed in the first end of the column block. The first recess is sized slightly larger than a width of a first brick of the first brick fence segment such that the first recess receives the first brick of the first brick fence segment. The first recess is formed by at least two opposing walls. A groove is formed in each of the two opposing walls to receive a leveling device. An isolation member formed from an elastomeric material is disposed in the first recess.

Abstract: A thin brick panel system and method of forming a thin brick wall includes an expanded polystyrene foam panel having a plurality of laterally extending channels formed therein for receiving a plurality of thin brick units. The thin brick units are bonded with an adhesive directly to the foam panel and the seams between adjacent brick are filled with a mortar that bonds to the foam panel. The foam panel may be attached to a substrate with an adhesive as well as fasteners. Strips of a mesh fabric may span several panels to bind the panels together to form a structurally sound thin brick wall.

Abstract: Recent experimental data by Pel has revealed the spatial and temporal structure of the moisture content during the drying process within building materials such as bricks. A simple model of the water motion is presented, guided by the observed behaviour, which allows for non-linear diffusion within the brick and a mass transfer coefficient to represent the moisture transfer between the external air current over the brick. An approximate analytic solution to the model is developed, giving the moisture profiles evolving with time. This gives insight into the different phases of the process, which consists of a rapid decrease in the moisture content in a relatively uniform manner, followed by the development of a drying front which moves with constant speed into the brick. The analytic results compare very well to the numerical solution of the equations and the experimental results.

Abstract: In this study, a numerical methodology for the solution of conjugate heat and mass transfer problem is presented. Fluid flow, heat and mass transfer over a rectangular brick due to transient laminar mixed convection has been numerically simulated. The coupled non-linear partial differential equations, for both gas phase and solid are solved using finite element procedure. Flow is assumed to be incompressible, two-dimensional, laminar. Analysis has been carried out at a Reynolds number of 200 with Pr = 0.71. The effect of buoyancy on the brick drying has been investigated. Velocity vectors, streamlines in the flow field and temperature and moisture contours and temperature distribution along the solid surface are presented. It is observed that there is considerable effect of buoyancy during drying. The results indicate a non-uniform drying of the brick with the leading edge drying faster than the rest of the brick.

Abstract: Elemental concentrations were determined by INAA in Brick Clay and Ohio Red Clay (new bag) by three radioanalytical laboratories in Argentina, Brazil and Chile. Results were compared to unpublished data from the Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution. To better assess the analytical results obtained from laboratories the precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated by means of statistical methods. The results at a confidence level of 95% can be considered identical.

Abstract: A study of the effect of cement in the formation of efflorescence on the surface of ceramic building materials was conducted. Wicking tests were performed with bricks covered with cement, and a test procedure, where temperature and water pressure applied to the samples could be controlled, has been developed. Salts formed at brick surfaces consist of arcanite (K2 SO4 ). Results show that salt deposition kinetics are enhanced by higher test temperature and particularly by imposing water pressure around the brick. A method to quantify efflorescence was developed in order to avoid any subjectivity in the assessment of the test results. Image analysis offers an alternative for quantification of this phenomenon. Study of efflorescence digital images lead to the definition of an efflorescence coefficient. A set of samples with low to high levels of efflorescence was used and the results show a clear distinction between different degrees of efflorescence. It is concluded that this process is a valid one ...

Abstract: Insulated wall forms that remain in place and include an exterior wall covering such as stucco or a brick facade, an interior wall covering such as gypsum board or both an exterior wall covering and an interior wall covering greatly simplify wall construction using a hardenable material such as concrete and reduce steps needed to put a finished wall in place.

Abstract: This invention aims to provide a novel process for making brick-faced block. Colored brick material 11 is laid into a plurality of individual molds 8 of a molding unit 7 to mold at once a plurality of bricks 5 arranged with a predetermined space between each pair of adjacent bricks 5. Then a base block 1 made of foamed resin and coated with a brick adhesive layer 4 is placed and pressed against the molding unit 7 to bond at once these bricks 5 to the brick adhesive layer 4. Thereupon the brick adhesive layer 4 is partially exposed to form joints 6 in accordance with the predetermined space between each pair of adjacent bricks 5. Thereafter, steps of stripping and aging are carried out to form a brick-faced block A.

Abstract: The assessment of the impact on the environment of the diverse human activities becomes more unavoidable as the signs of the ecological damage become more evident. Here, the relative merit of several formulations for the physical cost of building (embodied energy, exergy cost and matter cost of materials) is analysed; it is also analysed the structure of the aggregate physical cost, including the relative evaluation of its more meaningful items. As a way of concrete examples, the energy and matter embodied into different building functions is evaluated depending on the material used (earth, steel, concrete, brick). Lastly, some conclusions about the attributes of a future, "sustainable" building are taken out.

Abstract: Baked clay bricks samples were collected from both urban and rural areas of the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan and natural radioactivity due to 40K, 226Ra and 232Th has been measured in these samples. The specific absorbed dose rates due to natural radioactivity emanating from the walls, floors and ceilings of the typical model rooms made of these building bricks have been calculated applying the mesh size adaptive volume integral methodology. The occupancy factor, representing the weighted average of all the population in the country, was taken to be 0.3 in this study. The values of estimated annual effective dose rates for whole body were found to be 0.38 and 0.35 mSv.y(-1) for the two types of model rooms. These values are smaller than those predicted by UNSCEAR for normal background areas. Thus the building bricks analysed in this study do not pose any significant health problem to the population.

Abstract: A work table supports a grid of green brick aligned in longitudinal and transverse row for indexing movement by a hydraulic cylinder actuated pusher. The brick are indexed longitudinally beneath a first transverse row of embossing devices in a transverse row aligned with one embossing device being over every other brick of the transverse row. Following actuation of the first transverse row of embossing devices the brick are indexed beneath a second transverse row of embossing devices each of which is aligned with the brick that were not embossed by the first transverse row of embossing devices. Ramps are provided below the rows of embossing devices to elevate the brick above the next adjacent rows so that the brick being embossed is at a higher elevation than the adjacent brick.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mould container for an apparatus for manufacturing green bricks from clay for the brick manufacturing industry, wherein mould containers are arranged on a circulating conveyor, which mould containers comprise a number of mould cavities open to the top, wherein the mould container comprises a fixed mould container part with mould cavities and an exchangeable mould container part such that green bricks of differing dimensions can be made simultaneously.

Abstract: The invention relates to a thermal shielding brick (1, 1A, 1B), especially for lining a combustion chamber wall Said thermal shielding brick has a hot side (5), which can be exposed to a hot medium, a wall side (7) located opposite said hot side (5), and a peripheral side (69) that is joined to the hot side and to the wall side A damping element (3, 3A, 3B) is placed on the peripheral side and effectively prevents fragments (81,81A) from detaching from the thermal shielding brick (1, 1A, 1B) if broken The invention also relates to a combustion chamber having an inner combustion chamber lining, which comprises said thermal shielding bricks (1, 1A, 1B), and to a gas turbine with a combustion chamber

Abstract: In the course of a detailed geological examination of the natural stones which have been incorporated into the fabric, and particularly the external fabric, of ecclesiastical buildings in the area of the London Basin, the author has recorded the occurrence of Roman bricks and tiles. The geographical and historical distributions of a number of natural stones that occur within these fabrics have already been described by the author. The rocks of the London Basin are down-folded into a syncline, and the geographical limits of the area of the studies are approximately confined by the geological outcrop of the Upper Cretaceous, Chalk, as shown in FIG. I. These limits reflect a geological area in which natural building stones are not obviously available. None of the typical rocks of the region, customarily clays, sands, and gravels, are sufficiently consolidated, in normal circumstances, to be directly utilised for building purposes. The Romans and others, however, mastered the techniques necessary to convert clay into bricks and tiles, and this paper examines the current distribution, in re-use, of some of these Roman products in the churches of the region. Other re-used Roman materials were, of course, also utilised in church construction. Some of these, such as silcretes, calcareous concretions and travertine, have been reported elsewhere.

Abstract: Production of bricks, especially one- or multi-layer hollow blocks with narrow slot widths and low height tolerances, is a reverse of the conventional manufacturing process in which the brick mold (5) is incorporated in the manufacturing process so that the bases of the bricks (13) to be produced are facing upward and the core (2) of one- or multi-layer hollow blocks (13a) and separating sheets (14) are removed from the brick mold, fixed on a core base (3) and through openings in a mold base (4).

Abstract: An improved decorative brick having a display face with a network of deep interconnected grooves to produce a mosaic-like appearance, and patios made with such brick. A manufacturing method for such decorative brick.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for repairing a coke oven, capable of efficiently repairing bricks of the coke oven of a chamber-type having a complicated configuration of brick checkerwork in the combustion chamber. SOLUTION: This method for repairing a coke oven comprises dividing a bounded brick wall to be repaired into plural piled parts, forming a refractory aggregate 10 at the outside of the oven by combining bricks so as to have the same configuration to that of the each piled part, dismantling to remove the bounded brick wall for repairing from the coke oven, and constructing the brick wall with the each formed refractory aggregate 10.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a building material, in particular a kind of brick, which characterized by that said brick is equipped with mortise and tenon for interlocking each with other, when it is used, it can be in hollow form and needs no mortar. Said invention can be made into baking-free brick or aerated brick. It can raise construction speed and reduce building cost, and said brick can be repeatedly used, has no mortar garbage.