Abstract: large. Blagg considers domestic architecture in Gaul and Britain, arguing successfully that such a data base provides a much needed complement to the more frequently studied public buildings of the early Roman epoch. King's examination of Romano-Celtic religion, and of the imperial policy brought to bear upon native ceremonial, guards against too easy an acceptance of Rome's 'laissez-faire' attitude towards native ideologies. This is a salutary reminder of the latent authority of Rome when challenged or opposed, despite the famed willingness (noted by several authors in this volume) to accept the status quo wherever possible. The editors have made an admirable attempt to create a coherent volume from the collected papers, not only by offering an introductory essay but by providing a short editorial preface to each section. Such highlighting does allow certain major topics to emerge. An increasing stress on regional variation within the Empire, for example, is obvious in most papers (most notably Haselgrove and Keay). Rather than presenting 'blanket' interpretations of a province's response to conquest, a willingness to examine diversity at the local level is throughout recognized as essential: 'a Roman province may be too large as a suitable area for analysis' (p. 43). Local and regional modelling, Keay notes, is vital: 'The sheer complexity of the social process and the stresses of change demand nothing less' (p. 142). To a great extent, of course, such a development has been necessitated by the highly localized character of archaeological evidence, working as it does on a site by site or region by region basis. Related to this acknowledgement of diversity is an emphasis (shared by most contributors, for example Millett, Kunow, Edmondson) on the nature of local elite groups in defining the reception (or refusal) of Roman influences. A final theme that is stressed in various ways is the necessary partnership of archaeological and written sources in the study of empire; the editors summon up David Clarke's well-known dictum about the advantage of text-aided archaeology in their arguments for combining these sources (rather than privileging one or the other). All of these themes, it must be said, are familiar and well on their way to general acceptance among students of the Roman Empire, and indeed of imperial systems more generally. It is fair to say this is largely a volume which exemplifies and consolidates current trends in thinking. Aside from its presentation of original data in specific cases, the book may not be particularly ground-breaking in approaches or conclusions (though admittedly, it is based on a 1987 conference). It remains, however, a useful collection which should provoke more general debate about the nature of the Roman imperlum, and the goals of Roman archaeology. Certainly scholars (such as myself) working in the eastern empire can turn to Blagg and Millett for a sense of what types of research questions and programmes are being undertaken in the West, perhaps inspiring some much needed work along parallel-lines which will eventually allow us to account for variability in behaviour across the empire as a whole.

Abstract: Brick and tile products are made from a homogeneous mixture of low grade in expensive ceramic microspheres and clay or other binding agent The microspheres have an axial oxide content under 6 percent by weight and a melting point in excess of the temperature at which brick and tile are fired The microspheres have random sizes ranging between one third and 200 microns Brick utilizing the invention is significantly lower in weight and permeability, require much less energy to sinter and less time for firing Improved thermal and acoustic insulation value is obtained with the invention, and vulnerability to thermal shock is diminished

Abstract: A frame for laying wooden bricks, composed of a plurality of wooden brick retainer sections arranged to accommodate the configuration of the wooden bricks to be actually laid, fixed seats for the wooden bricks, which seats are provided in the retainer sections, and elastic flanges extending diagonally downward in the retainer sections from the walls thereof, or a frame for laying wooden bricks, composed of the above-mentioned parts and, in addition, a plurality of elastic projections set up on each wide connecting plate between the adjacent retainer sections in the frame so that the upper ends of these projections are flush with the upper surfaces of the wooden bricks held in the retainer sections. This frame is laid on a pavement with the wooden bricks, the sizes and shape of which are compatible with those of the retainer sections, held therein. As a result, the road can be paved very easily with smoothly surfaced wooden bricks. This invention enables a road to be paved with water-permeable, expansible and contractible wooden bricks.

Abstract: A large-format artificial brick has vertical air channels extending therethrough. Recesses on the top and bottom of the brick form additional air circulating channels for a heating or cooling medium. In a building formed with such large-format bricks, a blower is located in the basement and connected to the vertical passages by a manifold.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a porous nozzle which is made up of an upper porous brick, a dense brick, and a lower porous brick arranged vertically in layer and a casing surrounding them. The casing is provided with an inert gas supply pipe which leads to the peripheral space of the upper porous brick. The casing is also provided with another inert gas supply pipe which leads to the peripheral space of the lower porous brick. Disclosed also herein is another porous nozzle which is made up of an upper porous brick, a dense brick, and a lower porous brick arranged vertically in layer and a casing surrounding them. The casing is provided with an inert gas supply pipe which leads to the peripheral space of the lower porous brick which communicates with the peripheral space of the upper porous brick.

Abstract: The invention relates to a brick made of pellets with delayed and controlled release of the active ingredient in a meltable matrix consisting of a pharmacologically tolerated binder.

Abstract: A prismatic tubular brick of refractory material for constructing the checkerwork structure of regenerative furnaces, the brick having mirror image top and bottom surfaces and a central passage extending therebetween. Two pairs of opposed parallel side walls of uniform thickness having aligned recesses in the top and bottom surfaces thereof, are connected together by angle portions at their adjacent corner edges. The top and bottom surfaces of the angle portions are elevated with respect to the recessed top and bottom surfaces of the side walls and are of similar size and shape. Accordingly, the elevated and recessed surfaces of one brick cooperate with the elevated and recessed surfaces of another brick to interlock the bricks together in an offset stacked arrangement.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for assembling modular tooled masonry structures, the method comprising the steps of: providing a pre-fabricated wire support structure having a shape generally corresponding to the shape of the completed masonry structure; assembling a first row of bricks in a pre-determined pattern onto the support structure using the support structure as a support and spacing guide for the bricks; masking selected areas of the bricks by partially surrounding the bricks with an open top removable mortar molding form; applying a pre-determined quantity of mortar into the mortar molding form covering accessible unmasked areas of the bricks with a pre-determined thickness of mortar; leveling the mortar; allowing the mortar to partially set; removing the mortar molding form from the bricks thereby revealing a tooled row of bricks; and repeating the above steps to provide additional tooled rows of bricks as needed to complete the masonry structure.

Abstract: A manufacturing method and apparatus is provided for making building and other types of brick. The apparatus requires a minimum of excess (or surge) production, utilizes automated equipment which is highly dependable and which is easily operated and controlled. The apparatus comprises an automated low profile dryer and kiln in conjunction with an automated brick handling system including specially designed lighweight kiln cars.

Abstract: This paper aims to study an aspect of Roman architecture: the structure of brick pavements in some Roman cities in the Iberian Peninsula. We take into consideration the measurements of the bricks, the thickness of the mortar, the disposition of the wall and the position of the bricks. The lack of stamps and the big differences between Roman cities don't allow us to make chronological considerations about use and types of bricks.

Abstract: A device for manufacturing bricks with smooth side surfaces includes a conveyor carrying a plurality of mould containers past a releasing material applying mechanism, a container filling and trimming member, and a brick ejection station. Each mould container has a bottom which is displaceable out of the mould to both receive releasing material at the releasing material applying mechanism and to eject a formed brick at the ejection station.

Abstract: A moulded brick arrangement is described for a floor covering for humus production by composting and conversion of sewage sludge into soil and for purification of waste water (effluent) and exhaust gas, in which moulded bricks, furnished with tongue- and groove-like shaped longitudinal sides form a longitudinally and transversely running duct system via longitudinally running recesses and bevels, arranged transversely thereto, beneath their surface, which duct system is also connected to the space beneath the material stored on the floor covering via channels running on the surface of the bricks opening out into these ducts The novel moulded brick arrangement permits an excellent dewatering and/or aeration and is therefore also suitable for conversion of sewage sludge into soil in reed ponds, for livestock housing floors and for coarse matter separation

Abstract: of EP0242880A method of making a transportable brick panel consisting of the following steps: a) Setting out a mould (10) on which a brick panel is to be formed, the mould including a substantially flat bottom surface; b) Laying a soft deformable membrane (11) over the said surface, the membrane being such as to form a seal around the face edges of bricks placed on it to prevent fine cementitious particles in mortar placed between the bricks from contaminating the faces of the bricks and such as to inhibit movement of bricks placed on it; c) Arranging courses of brickwork (13) in the mould on the membrane; individual bricks (13) being substantially evenly spaced apart for the reception of fluid mortar in the spaces between them; d) Arranging reinforcing bars (14) to pass through aligned holes in columns of bricks so as to structurally extend through to the top and bottom course or layer of bricks; e) Pouring fluid mortar to fill spaces between individual bricks and penetrate holes in the bricks and allowing it to set; f) Lifting the brick panel so formed from the mould (10)

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas-bubble brick for treating molten metals in metallurgical vessels. In known gas-bubble bricks, it is unavoidable after a long period in operation, due to wear phenomena, that the gas flow decreases in the edge region and red-hot melt penetrates into the gas-bubble brick. Uniform gas passage through the gas-bubble brick surrounded by a sheet metal facing is not ensured. This disadvantage is eliminated by the invention by providing, between the moulded brick (2) and the lower sheet metal cover (5), a pressure chamber (9) which allows uniform flow into and gas passage through the moulded brick (2) and prevents penetration of molten metal.

Abstract: There is described an exhaust sound damper for combustion engines having at least one sound-absorbing part of a porous material. To make possible production from materials which are low-cost, easy to process and available in large amounts, the material should comprise a mineral building material, such as, for example, clay or a hydraulically or chemically ceramically bonded material, such as, for example, cement, concrete or lime/sand brick.

Abstract: A lime sand brick is described in which the fresh sand is completely or partially replaced by used (old) or waste sand and/or cupola furnace slag.

Abstract: A formwork partitioning system (10, 30) used in construction in situ of mud brick walls (6), cement stabilised earth walls, rammed earth walls and the like. The system (10, 30) comprises a plurality of formboards (11, 33) which are in a pair of opposed rows (12, 13, 33) which are spaced apart from each other by a plurality of partitions (14, 34, 35). The formboards (11, 33) project at their lower edges past the lower edges of the partitions (14, 34, 35) and thereby are able to straddle the lower course of blocks (4) to enable the blocks (4) to be cast into the moulds (22, 31) formed by the system (10, 30) whilst the formwork is mounted on the wall (6). Cavities (24, 32) between the blocks (4) are filled with mortar thus forming a strong and cost effective wall (6).

Abstract: An apparatus for constructing a masonry structure comprises a rigid backing panel with rows of rectangular openings formed therein Attached to the backing panel and extending outwardly therefrom is a wire structure formed to define a plurality of brick receiving compartments substantially overlying the openings in the panel The compartments are sized and arranged to accept a plurality of bricks and support them in spaced relationship A mortar applying tool having a nozzle extending in the space between the bricks and rollers adapted to roll on the surface of the brick adjacent the space is used to fill the spaces between the brick with mortar while simultaneously sculpting the exposed portion of the mortar in the shape of the end of the nozzle

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved method of producing bricks that can be used as load bearing walls for 5-6 floor buildings This brick is made of a kind of adhering material that is composed of coal ash flour, ardealite and quick lime mixing and milling with a definite ratio, the adhering matenal is then admisced with fine coal mortar and blowing agent, casting and standing in hot rooms, and then cutting into pieces Neither frame nor cement are nessesary for bonding the bricks Coal ash is fully utilized and the method of processing is improved; the mechanical properties of bricks are modified; both steel casting mould and the amount of steam are saved; and means of labour are improved

Abstract: The utility model discloses a double stage vacuum brick extruding machine, which can produce hollow bricks of a plurality of varieties and high strength, and can be used as vacuum pug equipment in the industry of ceramic and electric porcelain, comprising an upper level agitating machine and a lower level vacuum extruder machine set. The utility model has the advantages of compact structure, shapely configuration, convenient installation and maintenance, and complete test facilities. A clay barrel, a reamer propelling structure and the sealing of the machine set are relatively greatly improved, making the vacuum degree reach 0.90 to 0.95, the extrusion pressure reach 1.2 MPa to 1.8 MPa, and the production efficiency reach 11 thousand pieces to 15 thousand pieces (converted to the standard brick). The utility model is also provided with a special purpose minitype industrial computer to realize comprehensive checking and automatic control.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a profiled refractory brick, for vaults (roofs), cast from materials to be melted, based on metallic oxides, produced in the form of a prism having a trapezoidal base surface, characterised in that, in the widest of its parallel lateral faces, at least one open channel 1, orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the profiled brick, is provided. Application to the construction of furnace vaults (roofs).

Abstract: By the using of precast special slabs about 45x100x2cm in size, as the permanent forms and assembling with core-forms, are fixed on site. Then, RC columns and beams are casted in site into predetermined panels and grilles which are jointed together with the wall slabs, thus grilles with hollow walls are formed for bearing the load. The constructive efficiency is 4-5 times higher than that of the general brick wall and the cost is only 50% of that of the one brick wall. The structural strength, insulation of heat and sound, damp-proof and earthquake resisting are all excellent. It is suitable for building multi-storey dwelling houses, office buildings, schools and hotels or the like.

Abstract: A set of toy building bricks have hexahedral building bricks with square corners, preferably cuboid building bricks (1), whose surfaces are square and which have, on all six surfaces, matching connection possibilities with the aid of connecting recesses (2). Moreover, the set of toy building bricks includes, as connecting counter-pieces, separate connecting elements (3) which fit the above-mentioned connecting recesses (2), engage releasably by positive and/or non-positive fitting into the connecting recesses (2) and, after insertion into a connecting recess (2) of a building brick (1), project from the first building brick, by the depth of engagement, into a connecting recess (2) of an adjoining building brick (1). It is also possible to design these connecting elements (3) in a manner such that they bridge two mutually flush lateral surfaces of adjoining cubes and so permit the offset attachment of an additional building brick (Fig. 5).

Abstract: The utility model provides an oil-immersed Al-Mg material concrete prefabricated ladle liner which is used for the ladle of a steel-smelting furnace. The ladle liner is formed by laying prefabricated lining blocks. The oil-immersed Al-Mg material concrete prefabricated ladle liner made of high bauxite and brick making magnesite sand reserves the operation characteristics of the existing ladle laying. Under the conditions of not changing the technical management method of a steel plant and not adding a special device, the utility model has the advantages of stable quality, low cost, long service life, rapid ladle laying, easy construction, and low labor intensity.