Abstract: Brick can be made with wastewater sludge. Bench‐scale experimentation indicated that conventional clay and shale ingredients for brick could be partially supplemented with sludge. These so‐called “biobrick” had the look, feel, and smell of regular brick. Compliance with appropriate ASTM criteria for severe weathering (SW) grade brick has been routinely maintained by specimens produced with volumetric sludge additions of less than 25 to 30%. Experimental progression to full‐scale evaluation then yielded more than 500,000 brick. These latter specimens are now being sold at standard commercial prices. Two recreational‐type structures have been constructed with “biobrick” and another two maintenance buildings will soon be erected at wastewater treatment plants in the Washington, D.C., area.

Abstract: An 8-node brick element based on the assumed stress hybrid formulation is described. With three additional stress fields, the element stiffness matrix now has the required rank of 18, and the ‘bending’ response is exact with rectangular elements. Surprisingly, the 2 × 2 × 2 Gauss rule suffices for all numerical integrations, to satisfy the constant stress patch test.

Abstract: Peasant Capitalist Industry examines the handmade brick industry that originated and is concentrated in a handful of communities near Oaxaca City including Santa Lucia del Camino and Santa Cruz Amilpas. Scott Cook provides a comprehensive analysis of the brick plants (ladrilleras) which are privately owned and operated by individuals in the manufacturing communities who also are engaged in agriculture, either directly or with hired workers. Brick plant owners may or may not actually work as brick makers but all of them are engaged in the business as employers of pieceworkers (destajistas or mileros), and also as sellers of brick. Peasant Capitalist Industry contains detailed information about all aspects of brick manufacturing and marketing in the Oaxaca Valley industry. It also includes case studies of pieceworker and owner-worker household enterprises.

Abstract: An apparatus for removing mortar from used bricks which includes breaker means for breaking and dislodging mortar, penetration means operable to penetrate a layer of mortar, and scraper means for scraping and providing a finished surface on a brick. The breaker means, penetration means and scraper means are mounted on an elongate frame which in turn is mounted adjacent a track having a powered conveyor. The powered conveyor moves a used brick along the track through a cleaning station which includes multiple frames containing mortar-removing means. The apparatus may be incorporated into a machine containing multiple cleaning stations which provides for efficient, rapid cleaning of used brick and provides used brick which is substantially ready to be incorporated into new structures.

Abstract: A refractory brick includes at least one insulation insert located on the cold face of the brick. Heat reflective means is provided on the surface of the insert disposed parallel to the cold face of the brick to reduce the amount of heat radiated through the insert.

Abstract: A programme of monitoring of buildings for settlement and cracking is described. Six sites in Central Scotland were chosen with work starting in 1973. The five types of construction involved in the study were three-storey reinforced concrete frames on cellular rafts founded on soft clay; four-storey reinforced concrete frame on strip and pad footings founded on mixed ground; five-storey reinforced concrete frame on raft founded on stiff clay; three-storey brick/blockwork building on cellular raft founded on soft clay and two-storey brick/blockwork buildings on rafts founded on very soft clay. Varying degrees of settlement and damage were observed. At only one site (Grangemouth) was the damage considered to be moderate. The buildings with cellular raft foundations performed well but solid rafts were found to be less effective in some cases. The results show good correlation with previously proposed means of defining threshold of damage due to differential settlement. L'article decrit un programme pour cont...

Abstract: The brick has a device for the indication by electrical means of a predetermined brick thickness. The brick has two mutually insulated electrical conductors (16,17) at a distance from its cold end (8), corresponding at best to the residual thickness of brick required for use of the brick, or else in a safety block adjoining its cold end (8), as a security against melting. The said conductors are arranged in a probe (19) which is closed towards the hot end (8') of the brick, their one ends (16', 17') at the closed end (19') of this probe (19) being at a short distance one above the other, and their other ends being connected to a current source (18).

Abstract: L'addition de 1 a 7% en poids de boues provenant des lignes d'emaillage de carreaux ceramiques a permis de reduire et meme de supprimer la formation de sels efflorescents sur des briques

Abstract: The brick consists of one or more sub-blocks. Each sub-block is divided into air chambers of contained width but extensive in length. The walls which divide each sub-block into chambers are shaped as alternatively concave and convex arcs of a circle. The chambers are connected by first septa of minimum length. The sub-blocks are connected by second septa also of minimum length and spaced apart from the periphery of the brick and placed so as not to align with the ends of the arc walls. Thermal bridges between the inside and outside of a wall are thus almost completely eliminated, with a brick light in weight, very strong and low in cost.

Abstract: The embankment stabilizing brick, in plan view, is of an L-shaped configuration. Formed on the free end of the short-ended leg (12 ) is a stub tongue (14) extending in the direction of the long-ended leg. The length of the stub tongue corresponds at least to about half the width of the long-ended leg (10) but amounts only to a fraction of the length thereof. Provided on the upper and lower sides are depressions (16, 18) serving for mutually keying superposed embankment stabilizing bricks. The weight of the new brick corresponds to almost half the weight of conventional embankment stabilizing bricks; however, owing to the stub tongue (14) it can be stably stored superposed in various positions.

Abstract: Vertically perforated brick made of porous ceramic material having an arrangement of perforations extending between the bearing surfaces and comprising perforations and webs, the joining surfaces being provided with a continuous serration of cross-sectionally trapezoidal teeth and tooth gaps which interengage in an approximately positive manner when the bricks are set one against the other, the perforations of the arrangement of perforations extending into the teeth.

Abstract: Method of producing a surfacing for sports fields, in which first of all rubber granulates in various grain sizes are mixed with a binder based on polyurethane or another suitable plastic, this mixture is spread out on a firm foundation and is given a flat surface by rolling, skimming or a similar measure, and before the binder sets brick dust is distributed uniformly over the base layer, and in fact in such a quantity that only a portion of the brick dust makes a connection with the binder, while the rest of the brick dust lies loosely on the surface in order to make sliding possible.

Abstract: The motivation behind this study was primarily commercial---in the brick industry the colour of the finished article is a very significant commercial factor. Initially a series of mineralogical analyses, selective chemical extraction procedures and firing trials were undertaken to investigate and identify the potential colour-inducing constituents of fired and unfired brick clays. Iron-rich clay minerals were identified as a major source of colour in the fired bricks. This study then concentrated on the investigation of the role of iron and related colour-inducing transition metals in the thermal reaction sequence(s) of fired clays primarily by means of X-ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Electron Microscopy identified iron oxide (Fe2O3) as the primary coloured phase in fired brick clays and successfully correlated changes in colour with firing temperature with changes in oxide crystallite size and composition. Some inconsistencies were evident between the results of this study and the previously accepted mechanism behind the high temperature transition series of layer silicates. Consequently, in line with an additional aim of identifying the precise reaction mechanism(s) responsible for the transition series and the development of the coloured phases, an alternative hypothesis is put forward to cover the (lower temperature) transitions.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent the wear and damage of a vacuum degassing vessel due to a flow of molten steel by lining the vessel with burned brick consisting of a specified percentage of starting materials for picrochromite and the balance magnesia or the like. CONSTITUTION:A vaccum degassing vessel is lined with burned brick consisting of 5-95wt% starting materials for picrochromite and the balance one or more among magnesia, magnesia-chrome, chromite and chromium oxide. Said picrochromite contains >= about 95% in total of about 13-62% MgO and about 36- 84% Cr2O3, and the starting materials are adjusted so that >=20% of them have >=0.44mm. grain size.

Abstract: Investigation of calcium migration across clay-cement interfaces in building bricks and other similar artifacts ranging in age from about 68 to 3,800 yr shows that calcium diffusion coefficients in the samples9 clay layers are equivalent in all of the artifacts studied to date. Consequently, the age of the samples may be estimated from the distance that calcium migrated from the cement into the clay. To investigate the stability of clay barriers proposed for nuclear-waste containment systems, the rate of calcium diffusion from calcium-based materials (e.g., cement, plaster, and mortar) into adjacent clay-based materials (e.g., riverbed clay, mud brick, and fired clay brick) was determined from electron-microprobe analyses of Ca distribution in samples of known age. In seven samples with well-preserved clay-cement interfaces, an apparent Ca diffusion coefficient on the order of 10 −20 m 2 /s was calculated from Ca distribution in the clay layer. The resulting calcium-concentration front migrates about 9 µm in 100 yr, and can be located to ±2 µm, corresponding to about ±25 yr error. Thus, although only preliminary, these results indicate that Ca diffusion may provide the basis for a rapid and relatively inexpensive method of dating building bricks and other similar materials that have hitherto defied conventional dating techniques.

Abstract: A brick setting machine is disclosed which is operable to face set, stack without inverting or flat set. The machine is also operable to laterally space each brick from the next adjacent brick so that the faces and edges of the brick can be separately textured. The stacking, face setting and flat setting of the brick are performed by a plurality of elongated trays or turners which are operable to simultaneously rotate substantial numbers of brick through 90° so that they rest on their sides and then when stacking or face setting is required to rotate adjacent rows of brick through an additional 90° to form pairs of vertically aligned brick one resting on the other. The stacking is provided without gripping the brick so as to avoid damage to the brick.

Abstract: of EP01502421. An artificial brick for building walls in the heading bond of an air-conditioned building, in which the artificial brick has at least two recesses (2, 3) that form in the building one section of adjacent vertical parallel wall channels (36-39) over which a preferably gaseous air-conditioning medium is distributed and which open into depressions that are each formed in brick surfaces limiting horizontal brick joints and cross the recesses to form horizontal channels connected the vertical wall channels, thermal insulation being provided on the facade side of the building, characterized in that the vertical wall channels (36-39) of the building are formed by the recesses (2, 3) aligned when the heading bond is built, said recesses being disposed in each artificial brick (1) spaced away from the adjacent vertical joint side (4, 5) by approximately half their distance (c) from the other recess, and mutually spaced by a distance (c) equal to the sum of their distances (b) to the surfaces (4, 5) and the joint width, the horizontal wall channels (43, 44) serving to distribute the heating medium over the vertical wall channels not connected to heating circuit distributors (40), and the distances between the horizontal depressions and the distance (c) between the recesses (2, 3) being selected to even out the temperature distribution in the building wall in a large format of the artificial brick (1) deviating from the standard bricks.

Abstract: A high strength mortar has been developed for use with silica brick, in the construction of coke-oven heating walls. When fired to conventional coke oven temperatures of about 1100° C., the mortar develops a tensile strength within the mortar itself, and a tensile bond to the silica brick, which exceeds the tensile strength of the silica brick. The mortar is composed of three primary solid constituents: 25 to 88 percent SiO2, 6 to 65 percent Al2 O3 and 4 to 12 percent P2 O5. To achieve such high tensile strength, the other solid constituents must be maintained at a minimum, desirably less than four percent and preferably less than two percent. Use of the high strength mortar permits construction of coke oven walls which can withstand significantly increased coking pressures--resulting in two significant benefits; (i) productivity increases of the order of 10 to 15 percent and (ii) doubling the service life of a coke oven wall.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide a titled vessel which obviates cracking in the brick in a stepped part and prevents sticking of a base metal and slag in refractory brick lining at different lengths of the vessel for a molten metal by interposing a buffer brick which relieves the step in the stepped part thereby eliminating the sharp step CONSTITUTION:Refractory bricks 2 are laid on the inside of the lining refractory bricks 1 on the inside wall of a vessel for a molten metal Refractory bricks 3 having a larger length are laid on the hot metal contact part and slag line where the erosion of the bricks is particularly significant to extend the brick life Refractory bricks 5 having a grade are inserted in the step part thereof to relieve the sharp step, thereby preventing the formation of a crack in the bricks and extending the life of the bricks