Abstract: Literature on permeance of brick and concrete masonry walls to wind-driven rain is reviewed. The force and quantity of rain on walls is discussed. The mode of water entry into the face of masonry through various kinds of cracks is reviewed. Wall design in several aspects is considered. Workmanship and materials selection are discussed. Flashing, sealants, and metals in walls are reviewed. Repair procedures are outlined. Recommendations are made for materials, design, construction, and maintenance of masonry to reduce water permeance of walls above grade. More than 60 references are cited and a bibliography lists 233 entries under nine key words.

Abstract: This paper describes recent developments in Zimbabwe in the design of ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines Two basic designs are presented, one suitable for peri-urban areas and the other for rural areas The peri-urban VIP latrine consists of a circular pit fully or partially lined with cement mortar and with, at its top, a brick collar which is supported by a thick concrete slab precast on site A high spiral shaped superstructure is constructed on the cover slab in ferrocement or brick and a flat roof slab placed on top An asbestos cement or polyvinyl chloride vent pipe with a fly screen at its top is then erected immediately adjacent to the outside of the superstructure The rural VIP latrine consists of a rectangular pit over which are placed longitudinal and transverse wooden logs of around 100 mm diameter which are then covered with anthill soil and a thin layer of cement mortar A spiral superstructure is then built in mud and wattle, thatch, soil or local bricks and covered with a conically shaped thatched roof The vent pipe is made from local reeds, fitted with a fly screen and rendered with cement mortar Both the peri-urban and rural VIP latrine designs have been found to be socially acceptable in Zimbabwe and very effective in eliminating odors

Abstract: The protector is formed by screens of pipes in a boiler combustion chamber, burning household rubbish. Each brick (18) has a housing (20) and feet (22) are welded on the outside of the pipe (10). A retainer (24) is fixed to the foot. Each housing is blocked by a cowl (26). Sealing between adjoining bricks is by an asbestos cord (32), housed in a groove in each brick. Alternatively, the seal may be made by a refractory silicon carbide cement. Spaces between pipes and bricks are filled with the cement.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating the edges of pre-fired brick includes an extruder for extruding a column of clay and a wire cutter assembly for severing the column into individual bricks having their longitudinal axes substantially perpendicular to the direction of extrusion The bricks are transported to a first conveyor where they are turned and directed to a side conveyor As the pre-fired bricks move on the side conveyor, they move in a single file arrangement with their longitudinal axes substantially parallel to the direction of movement The upper longitudinal edges of the pre-fired brick are treated by engagement with a pair of canted rollers to give the edges of the brick an irregular appearance The bricks are then reoriented by a pair of rotating tables which direct the bricks onto a third conveyor with the axes of the brick being substantially perpendicular to their direction of travel

Abstract: The British have developed and the Canadians have subsequently adopted a driving rain index that is here applied as a criterion to define the severity of exposure of masonry walls to water permeation. Recommendations are made for minimum thicknesses of several masonry materials in walls with and without coatings and furring in five geographical regions of the United States.

Abstract: A grid lining of chambers of a glass melting furnace comprises a plurality of refractory bricks, each brick having a bottom surface, a top surface, a longitudinal axis extending between the surfaces, a through passage of tetragonal cross-section coaxial with the longitudinal axis, the passage having a hydraulic diameter of 120 to 200 mm, the hydraulic diameter being defined by the relationship: four times the passage cross-section divided by the periphery of the passage cross-section, and the ratio of the hydraulic diameter to the wall thickness of the brick, as measured in the direction of the main axes extending parallel to the bottom and/or top surface between 3 and 5.

Abstract: On 28 July 1981 at 17:22 UTC, the Kerman province of southern Iran was shaken by the largest and the most destructive earthquake in its history. Its surface-wave magnitude was about 7.2. The epicenter of the earthquake was located about 45 km southeast of the city of Kerman, the capital of the Kerman province. The shock killed nearly 3,000 people, left more than 31,000 homeless, and destroyed virtually all buildings in the epicentral region within a radius of 30 km. The hardest hit place was the town of Sirch where about 2,000 people died out of a population of 3,500. Surface fractures were observed in several areas, and the earthquake was apparently associated with a fresh surface normal faulting. The maximum vertical displacement was about 1 m. The maximum width of the fracture was 0.5 m. Also, extensive landsliding and numerous rockfalls were observed within the area of maximum damage. Most houses in the epicentral area are of adobe construction, made of sundried clay brick walls, and heavy domed roofs or vaults with clay or mud mortar. Most casualties were due to the collapse of these adobe buildings. However, the performance of unreinforced or reinforced brick buildings, historical monuments, steel buildings, and other types of structures during the earthquake is also discussed in this paper.

Abstract: Method for repairing the damaged refractory lining wall of a blast furnace which includes cutting an opening through the steel shell and the refractory bricks of the furnace, inserting an injection nozzle for injecting a repair material into the opening, the injection nozzle being provided with a plurality of reinforcing studs, injecting the repair material into the furnace under pressure via the injection nozzle, and simultaneously imparting an external force onto the plurality of reinforcing studs to automatically build up a repaired refractory brick having the reinforcing studs imbedded therein.

Abstract: The catalytic power of clays (montmorillonites) and their applications to plant growth and use in brick making.

Abstract: The tool shown (Figure 2) when pressed into a fresh concrete surface leaves behind brick impressions. The tool has a base 22, a textured surface 23 and blades 21. Other similar tools make stone, tile or other impressions in concrete.

Abstract: The results of water permeance tests on twelve walls before and after coating with a proprietary clear water repellant are reported. Half of the single-wythe walls were brick; and other half, normal-weight concrete masonry units. Half of the walls used masonry cement mortar; the other half, portland cement-lime mortar. Comparison of results revealed a significant reduction in the amount of leakage, an increase in the amount of time required to achieve maximum rate of leakage, and a decrease in the percentage of damp area as a result of the application of the coating. The walls will be retested after six months of outdoor exposure.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To simplify the detecting of combustion and improve the workability and serviceabilty by a method wherein a sub-combustion cylinder is installed vertically on the bottom of a burning chamber as electrically insulated from a can body, and the sub-combustion cylinder is used as a burning detecting body. CONSTITUTION:A sub-combustion cylinder 7 is installed as electrically insulated from the bottom plate 14 of a can body 1, an opening 7' is provided at the location opposing to a nozzle 4, the sub-combustion cylinder 7 itself becomes a burning detecting body. For instance, a brick 15 is provided on a bottom plate 14, the sub-combustion cylinder 7 is installed on said brick 15. Thereby, the workability and serviceability are improved, also the parts related to a frame rod is not required, the reducing of cost can be achieved.

Abstract: A sliding rotary nozzle assembly for pouring of molten steel has a bottom plate brick and a sliding plate brick, with these plate bricks being arranged as dual doors that may be opened and closed as desired relative to a base plate that includes a flow nozzle. Each of the brick plates is provided with plural nozzle openings and is carried for rotation with the bottom plate brick being positioned on top of the sliding plate brick when the doors are closed. In case of damage to nozzle opening of the rotary bottom plate brick, the dual doors are opened and the bottom plate brick is then rotated to bring the remaining nozzle opening to the use position to make best use of the bottom plate brick and prolong the service life of the nozzle assembly.

Abstract: Binder-based moulded bricks, if appropriate with additives such as sand, are fairly widely used in the building industry. A moulded brick suitable as both a fair-faced brick or facing brick and as lining brick and having advantageous construction-physical properties is obtained by pressing and calcining of binder with, if appropriate, sand and/or other additives, in which calcium sulphate dihydrate is used as starting material, which is pressed in the still moist state, then hydrothermally treated and converted at a temperature of up to 473 K and then cooled. The chemical-physical processes of dehydration during the hydrothermal treatment and rehydration during the hydrothermal treatment and rehydration during cooling effect a recrystallization of the gypsum, with the result that a high mechanical strength is developed.

Abstract: Bricks 1 comprising at least one rounded face (2) in the form of a half cylinder and at least one cutout (6) of rounded form, disposed and sized so as to complement one another when two bricks are placed together. The cutout or the cutouts may affect only half the height of the bricks. The bricks may be used, in particular, for the internal lining of metallurgical casting ladles.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing die-cut brick is disclosed The apparatus includes a cutter box in combination with a pusher which pushes elongated green clay slugs through the box The box operates to cut a core extending lengthwise of the slug having the cross section of the desired brick Guide means retain scrap completely around the core as it emerges from the die box and is moved in a stepwise fashion by the pusher to a cutoff device which cuts brick slices from the core Because scrap is retained around the core, little or no distortion occurs during such slicing operation The apparatus is arranged for quick and easy conversion from one shape to another

Abstract: The book \"Bit-Slice Microprocessor Design\" is the result of Advanced Micro Devices \"nine part course in microprogrammable microprocessing\". As such it is based completely on the Am2900 family of LSI building blocks and shares some of the same material found in the \"AMD 2900 Family Data Book\" which also references this work. The material covered is presented as follows: Chapter I: Computer Architecture, is a brief, 8 page, discussion of basic CPU components, and architecture concepts with a presentation of the separate steps needed to execute an instruction. This is followed by a simple microarchitecture with a comparison between macro and micro machines. Chapter II: Microprogrammed Design, contains a short, 4 page, overview on sequencing concepts, which then is followed by a detailed explanation of the Am2910 microprogram controller. The remaining portion of this chapter is devoted to an example of a CRT controller complete with logic drawings, data paths, and microcode based on Am2910 and 2911 type devices and the AMDASM (trade mark of AMD) microcode assembler. Chapter III: The Data Path, contains a short, 5 page, introduction to ALU components and basic arithmetic concepts. This is followed by a detailed description of the Am290 I A, and 2903 slices, with an example of a 16 bit ALU using four Am2903 slices. Chapter IV: The Data Path-Part II, introduces the Am2904 Status and Shift Control Unit with a detailed microcode example. Chapter V: Program Control Unit, discusses memory interfacing with an example of the Am2930 sub-routine stack capability and a tradeoff discussion of the 2901A vrs. the 2903. Chapter VI: Interrupt, presents an overview of polling yrs. non-polling methods for handling interrupts with examples using the Am29114 Vectored Priority Interrupt Controller. Chapter VII: Direct Memory Access, is the final chapter on AMD components. The concept of direct memory access is introduced followed by a detailed explanation of the Am2940 DMA address generator, and AM2942 Programmable Timer/Counter DMA address generator. Chapter VII: HEX-29, is a detailed discussion of the HEX-29 CPU and System developed by Digital Micro-systems Inc. The HEX-29 is a microprogrammed 16 bit data flow (2901) with 4K of 64 bit microwords using the 2909 as a sequencer. Chapter VIII: Super Sixteen, contains another example of a macro/micro machine, built out of Am2903 ALU slices and an Am2910 sequencer chip with a 9 6 bit microword. In summary, Bit-Slice Microprocessor Design meets its objective of introducing microprogrammable bit-slice …

Abstract: Data of previous investigations compiled with new tests and recent literature on engineering structures known of their unusual durability were presented in four chapters. Examples presented are from the Mediterranean mainly. The first chapter is related to surface protection by means of polishing plain and multiple layered mortar. The second chapter deals with structural lime mortar used in brick structures. The third is related to concrete in structures of high durability and the fourth to special engineering solutions of the antiquity. The composition and properties of the materials were studied in situ, in laboratory and in tests of simulation. The results obtained were compared with data of the ancient literature (Vitruvius). The empirical knowledge of the ancient engineering, the understanding of the function of the used material and of the applied procedures, of the durability in different environmental conditions were discussed. The actual values of the ancient solutions and the importance of further studies were pointed out. (Author)

Abstract: PURPOSE:To make the partial repair or the construction of furnace in a short period possible by a method wherein bricks are connected with one another in pinched state by inserting bolts into the through holes formed by the notched parts of every four bricks adjacent to one another. CONSTITUTION:When the bricks 12A are disposed in crosswise arrays by abutting their notched parts against one another, the through hole 16 is formed by the notched parts 14 of the four bricks 12A adjacent to one another. In the small diametrical part 16A is inserted the shank 17A of the bolt 17, the head part of which is abutted through a washer 18 against the stepped part 19. A plurality of supporting member 20 are longitudinally fixed to an outside plate 15. After all, the outer side parts 12a to the furnace of the bricks 12A are inserted into the plurality of the spaces surrounded by every four supporting plates 21 and fastened by screwing the tips of the bolts 17 into nuts 22. In the brick aggregate 12, only the one specified brick 12A can be separated for exchange by removing four bolts 17.

Abstract: The effect of grout on compressive strength of hollow brick prisms was investigated experimentally and analytically. Grout was found to benefit compressive strength in the great majority of cases. Factors that improved prism compressive strength were high strength grout, high strength mortar, high tensile strength brick, and low brick coring percentage.

Abstract: A freely diagonally staggered regenerator lattice structure includes successive courses of rows of rectangular runner bricks and courses of rows of rectangular header bricks. Each header brick has formed in opposite side surfaces thereof recesses extending from a lower surface thereof to an upper surface thereof. The height of each header brick is 55 to 60% of the sum of the height of header brick and the height of a runner brick. The height of each runner brick is 40 to 45% of such sum. The header bricks of upper courses may have end projections which fit into recesses in the runner bricks of the next lower course of runner bricks.

Abstract: With hydraulically setting shaped brick, particularly for construction, composed of (a) 4 to 30% by weight hydraulically or similarly acting binding agent, such as cement, high-hydraulic lime, lime or hydraulically reacting plastic or mixtures thereof; (b) about 60 to 95% by weight mineral aggregate material; and (c) 0 to 10% by weight other additions, the raw material basis is extended with regard to aggregate material, and deposited amounts of country rock from mining are reduced, since the aggregate material is composed of country rock (mining waste material) from mining, particularly hard coal mining, with a grain size up to 15 mm and a finest grain portion under 02 mm from 10 to 45% by weight To produce the shaped brick, the mixture is shaped and then hardened Through particular choice of granulation and density, the mining waste material can be adjusted to desired quality characteristics and the physical characteristics of the shaped brick varied, corresponding to utility

Abstract: In an air dried brick containing fuel, the fuel is included in the centre whereas the edge areas remain free. Thereby, it is possible to obtain a sufficient fuel concentration in order to do without additional energy supply in the heating of the furnace tunnel. The inclusion of the fuel is effected in an extruder. The fuel is introduced at the centre of the mass to be extruded in the extruder between its supply and its outlet. Such air dried bricks give a remarquable result from the combustion point of view.

Abstract: Disclosed is a structure for insulating high temperature devices such as furnaces. The insulating structure comprises a shell enclosing a series of refractory, substantially parallel, spaced-apart sheets, one or more of which may be reflective. The insulating structure stores little heat, is compact, and is lighter than refractory brick.

Abstract: The invention specifies a sound-insulating brick which is designed as a hollow brick and is composed of vertical exterior walls and of a framework which is arranged therein and comprises a comparatively small number of thin-walled webs which enclose vertically running holes and leave free a hole proportion of more than 50% with respect to the entire cross-section, the holes being filled in a surface-flush manner by a cement mortar.

Abstract: This study tries to assess the relative importance of the chemical corrosion of the silicoaluminate brick matrix by concentrated sodium chloride solutions. From the laboratory data obtained and the examination of actual specimens of deteriorated brick from Venice, where this type of chemical attack can be expected, it is concluded that the effect of chemical corrosion is negligible compared to the mechanical damage produced by salt crystallizing in the pores of the brick. See also AATA 16-1622.

Abstract: A molten iron containing vessel includes a refractory fireproof inner lining of dolomite bricks and bauxite bricks. The lining includes magnesia bricks positioned between the dolomite and bauxite bricks, thereby avoiding contact reactions between the dolomite and bauxite. A gas permeable brick member extends through an end portion of the vessel for injecting a gas into the molten iron contained therein.