Abstract: Strength design and the use of loading criteria, based on probabilistic limit states design principles, are relatively new concepts in the masonry area. These concepts afford a number of advantages for design. Their implementation requires an assessment of the following: statistical data on masonry strength, the establishment of appropriate measures of reliability for design, and the development of safety factors to be applied to material and load variables. Available strength data on brick and concrete masonry construction are summarized, and a few reliability calculations are made to show how masonry compares with other engineered construction materials.

Abstract: The invention concerns the internal structure of a high temperature furnace That structure includes a dome made of refractory bricks that are capable of withstanding the high temperature within a coal gasification generator The structure also includes a supporting brick wall under the dome And, it includes an inner wall made of refractory bricks The latter is inside of the supporting wall The inner wall shields the supporting wall from the highest temperature while it is free to expand without being subject to any compressive load from the dome

Abstract: A tie back assembly for holding in place loose bricks forming an interior furnace wall is disclosed comprising a hold back plate, an adjustable stud holder assembly attachable at one end to the plate and extending through the furnace wall, and a locking means positioned outside the furnace for securely fixing the plate against the loose bricks.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for erecting walls made of glass structural bricks and a joint-lining in which the said bricks are built up with the joint-mortar, if necessary strengthened with reinforcing elements, with substantially horizontal and vertical joints, brick by brick, from bottom to top of the wall and the joints therein are lined, in connection with which, and for the purpose of reducing the need for skilled masons to such an extent that correct laying of the glass bricks may also be carried out by unskilled and untrained labor, and so that the amount of equipment required at the work-site may be considerably reduced or completely eliminated, provision is made, according to the invention, for the respective outer and inner linings of the horizontal and vertical joints to be applied, whereupon the lining of at least one horizontal joint, possibly after inspection of the reinforcing rods between the said joint-linings, is used as a lost outer shuttering for the joint-mortar and serves thereafter as a retainer for the glass bricks which are placed upon the linings of the horizontal joints and against the linings of the vertical joints, thus forming, together with the joint-linings, mould-cavities for the joint-mortar to be poured into the joints.

Abstract: This invention relates to a reinforced brick assembly in which a desired number of perforated brick units are piled one above another to form a panel and provided with an arrangement of steel bars for reinforcement of the brick assembly. Further, the weight of each brick unit is lightened by being perforated with a plurality of passable holes for this purpose.

Abstract: Method for making extruded bricks having a textured handmade appearing face designed to form on outer building wall surface, comprising the steps of feeding a column of brick-forming clay mix into a progressively narrowing inlet funnel portion of a brick extruding die, progressively constricting the clay mix column while feeding the same from said inlet funnel portion through a die throat section of the extruding die of horizontally elongated rectangular cross-section defined by downstream converging upper, lower and side boundary surfaces to shape the clay mix column to a rectangular cross-section whose width dimension perpendicular to said face slightly exceeds the desired ultimate brick width, disrupting the clay column in said die throat section at a subsurface location space near and below the uppermost boundary surface of the die throat section along a plane substantially spanning the transverse extent of the die throat section by pressurized downsteam-directed liquid jets internally disrupting the clay mix column at said subsurface location, and plowing off the uppermost strata of the clay mix column at a downstream location spaced from the zone of said subsurface disrupting liquid jets to expose the disrupted zone of the clay mix column and form the textured handmade appearing face of the extruded brick, and slicing the column exiting from the die along planes perpendicular to the direction of movement the to form discrete bricks.

Abstract: The rapid hardening and drying equipment is for bricks and concrete components. A rotary drum incorporates platforms for the bricks, being continuously heated or supplied with steam. Temperature and operating speed are adjustable, and insulating material is provided on the inside and outside and at the ends, to reduce heat loss. The hardening and drying operation takes place continuously, during the upwards movement.

Abstract: A spring steel clip having inwardly angled resilient legs, extending from one side and being adapted to engage opposite surfaces of a brick. A prong extends from the opposite side of the clip in an upward direction and is disposed for hanging objects therefrom. By separating the legs, the clip can be attached to a brick and is retained on the brick by the spring tension exerted by the legs. The clip is heat treated to provide strength and resiliency.

Abstract: Liquid CO2 from cylinder 21 is blown by nozzles 13 to form dry ice snow 14 in a charging mould. A block 15 pre-compressed by piston 8 is transferred to a pressing mould when shutter 6 is fully retracted. With shutter 6 in the closed position shown, piston 10 compresses block 15 to a brick 16. Upon partial withdrawal of the shutter brick 16 is lifted into the space below the auxiliary shutter 7, the latter keeping the charging mould closed. The brick is then pushed out onto a rack 29 by the advance of the shutter 6 and a new block 15 is pre-compressed to start the next cycle. Hydraulic actuators 9, 11 and 25 are preferably heat-insulated from pistons 8, 10 and shutter 6. Shutter 6 is made of porous sintered metal to allow CO2 gas to escape into discharge passages 30. This material can also be used for the lower part of the charging mould. The pressing mould has external strengthening fins 24 which also serve to absorb heat and reduce sticking of the brick 16.

Abstract: Hanger and expansion plate structure for use with refractory brick employed in electric furnace roofs is disclosed which is designed for accommodating the variable, heat-induced expansion of such furnace bricks. The structure includes respective metallic plates having transverse, brick-engaging ribs with channels therebetween; the width of the ribs is greatest adjacent the hot face of the bricks so that the plates collapse or yield at the hot face under lateral brick expansion while remaining substantially intact adjacent the cold brick face. Thus, the variable expansion of the brick is accommodated without sacrifice of the overall integrity of the roof construction. Certain of the plates have oblique flanges which are received within complemental recesses in the bricks for supporting the latter.

Abstract: PURPOSE: To prevent the inclusion of molten metal into holes and to make the intermittent operations of gas blowing possible in a bubbling brick for the purpose of blowing specific gases into molten metal by inserting convergent bodies of refractory fibers into the holes of the brick. CONSTITUTION: In the case of agitating and refining molten metal by blowing various kinds of active gases and inert gases into molten iron or molten steel, a bubbling brick 4 for blowing of said gases is molded of dense refractories 4 of graphite-Mgo type, and refractory fiber bundles 7 of high wettability with molten iron and molten steel such as carbon fibers, silicon carbide base, boron carbide base or the like are inserted and packed into holes 6 for gas blowing. The bundles 7 of sizes having 5W50mm sectional diameters are inserted in such a way that the unit air permeating sectional diameter attains ≤100μ. Refining by intermittent gas blowing is accomplished without inclusion of the molten metal into the holes 6 of the brick 4. COPYRIGHT: (C)1983,JPO&Japio

Abstract: The bricks are prepd. by (i) adding 0.5-15 (pref. 3-5) wt.% hard pitch powder (pitch with softening pt. above 75 deg.C), opt. up to 8% graphite or other high carbon content solid and opt. up to 5% (based on the hard pitch content) of an organic liq. (e.g. heating oil) in which the hard pitch is partially soluble, to a mixt. of refractory materials such as quartzite, chamotte, sillimanite, andalusite, mullite, corundum, magnesia or spinel; (ii) pressing the mixt. into bricks at 20-100 N/sq.mm.; and (iii) drying the bricks at about 100 deg.C, to give bricks with a carbon content of up to 20 (pref. up to 15) wt.%. The bricks are used to line metallurgical melting and transport vessels, e.g. torpedo ladles. The bricks have good slag resistance, do not require chemical bonding (e.g. by aluminium phosphate addn.) or firing at 200-800 deg.C, and their prodn. is simple and pollution-free compared with conventional tar- and/or pitch-bonded brick prodn. which requires molten tar and/or pitch addn. and a subsequent firing operation.

Abstract: Heated waste gases are directed from the tunnel of a brick kiln into a dryer for effective drying of sawdust which is then fed from the dryer into a grinder which reduces the sawdust to finely divided wood fibers and then delivers the ground sawdust to a storage hopper. Apparatus is provided for directing an airstream from a source into and through each of a plurality of burner units positioned along the tunnel of the kiln and extending into the tunnel for generating the desired heat for treatment of the brick, and further, means are provided for feeding the dried ground sawdust from the storage hopper into the airstream in each of the burner units so that the airstream induces the flow of sawdust from the storage means into each of the burner units for the sawdust thus being utilized as the fuel for the burners.

Abstract: A carrier is provided for support of facing masonry while it is being erected above a hole in a wall- as for a window or door-being bridged. It is in the form of a rail of L-shaped cross-section, with shank lengths adapted to the standardised dimensions of facing bricks (12). The vertical shanks can have a section bent back parallel to the horizontal shank, at its open end, pref. with joint elements in conjunction with the mortar bonding the facing bricks. This permits application of facing masonry in these areas, without interrupting work.

Abstract: A clay brick of conventional design, for example provided with air channels 1, has at least one layer of heat insulating material 2, e.g. polyurethane, permanently incorporated in the inside thereof. Alternatively the layer of insulating material may be permanently incorporated on the outside of the brick.

Abstract: A high temperature (1000° C. or higher) gas distributor for a fluidized bed, which comprises a pair of refractory supporting bricks which are each provided with grooves at given intervals and which are positioned with a space therebetween in such a manner that the grooves face each other; plates made of electrocast zirconia brick, both ends of which are inserted into the respective grooves of opposing supporting bricks and are secured therein by mortar; and refractory holding bricks for holding the refractory supporting bricks and the ends of the plates in relative position.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide excellent resistance to fluorides and excellent wear resistance for the lining layer of a dedusting tower by forming the lining layer of an SiC-based brick and a rubber material. CONSTITUTION:The upper part 7 of the throat and the throat 8 of a dedusting tower 2 for an exhaust-gas desulfurizer is particularly built up by an SiC-based brick lining 14 having a high corrosion resistance to fluorides and also a hard natural rubber lining 15 is provided between the brick lining 14 and the inner wall of a can body. On the other hand, a butyl-rubber lining 16 having a high resistance to hydrofluoric acid is provided at diffusion portion 9, side wall portion 10, and bottom 11. And the, the brick linings 14 are adhered to each other by an epoxy resin adhesive containing Al2O3 as a joint filler, the brick lining 14 and the rubber lining 15 are adhered with the aid of an epoxy resin adhesive, and the other portions are adhered by a primer.

Abstract: A method is presented for calculating the lateral strength of 'mud brick' or earth brick wall panels. Lateral loads on wall panels are produced by wind forces and normally assumed as uniformly distributed. Experimental verification of the method is also presented.

Abstract: A method and device for collecting a layer of concrete paving bricks forming a brick disk in the form of a stretcher bond which may be used as one setting unit, is characterized in that the layer of the paving bricks is clamped together laterally with a collecting clamp with respect to their longitudinal axes for aligning purposes and, after releasing the collecting clamps, each row of bricks is individually clamped to their respective position at their head ends with clamps. The clamps with the clamped rows of bricks are then displaced with respect to each other in a parallel direction to achieve the desired setting arrangement and the collecting clamp is again engaged.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent the local fusion loss of a lance in the vicinity of the blowing holes by using refractory bricks around the holes and covering most of the other part with castable refractory. CONSTITUTION:Refractory bricks 8 each having through hole 9 are fixed to blowing hole pipes 2. A frame is assembled around lance body 1 including bricks 8, and castable refractory 4 is poured between the frame and lance body 1 and hardened to unitedly bury and fix blowing hole bricks 8 in refractory 4. Each brick 8 has a cylindrical external form, and the circular section of the axial core becomes through hole 9. Castable refractory wall (d) may be formed between lance body 1 and the end of each brick 8, and truncated conical brick 8' may be used in place of brick 8. Thus, the local fusion loss of the lance in the vicinity of the blowing holes can be prevented, and the life of the whole lance can be elongated considerably.