TL;DR: The macrofossils represent a diverse flora with forest elements (Lauraceae, Celtidaceae) and dry open woodland elements (Capparaceae, Leguminosae) during 3.8–3.5 Ma.
Abstract: Macroscopic fossil plants from the Upper Laetolil Beds, Laetoli, Tanzania, are described and where possible identified. Leaf impressions were recovered from the top of Tuff 8 at Locality 16 and show only primary and secondary venation. While many cannot be identified, some appear to belong to the Euphorbiaceae. Casts of fruits and seeds occur in almost all localities but exhibit only external features. The most common seed is probably that of Boscia coriacea (Capparaceae). Others have been tentatively identified as Papilionaceae, Ximenia species (Olacaceae), Lauraceae and Celtis africana (Celtidaceae). Monocot leaves, thorns of Rosaceae or Papilionaceae and a large sedge rhizome with basal culms are also described. The macrofossils represent a diverse flora with forest elements (Lauraceae, Celtidaceae) and dry open woodland elements (Capparaceae, Leguminosae) during 3.8–3.5 Ma. The sedge culm implies a wetland or springs at some time in the Upper Laetolil period.
TL;DR: The outcomes of the morphological and ecological characterization along with the genetic diversity analysis indicated an insight solution thorny interspecies in Cleome and Gynandropsis genera as a distinct family (Cleomaceae) and the other genera (Capparis, Cadaba, Boscia, and Maerua) as Capparaceae.
TL;DR: The leaves of six browse species had high levels of crude protein that varied among the species from 153 to 231 g kg -1 DM in Grewia spp.
Abstract: Utilisation of browse tree fodder supplements in ruminant feeding in the tropics is limited by lack of information on their nutritive potential. A study was conducted to screen leaves of six browse species (Acacia sieberiana, Boscia spp., Grewia spp., Lonchocarpus capassa, Pithecellobium dulce and Salvadora persica) for potential chemical composition, total extractable phenolics (TEP) and tannins (TET) and concentration of minerals, using chemical assays. The species had high levels of crude protein (CP) that varied among the species from 153 to 231 g kg -1 DM in Grewia spp. and Boscia spp., respectively. Acacia sieberiana had the highest neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (475 vs. 323 g kg -1 DM; P. dulce), acid detergent fibre (ADF) (393 vs. 191 g kg -1 DM; Grewia spp.) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) (196 vs. 71 g kg -1
TL;DR: A preliminary contribution on some taxa belonging to the genera Boscia Lam.
Abstract: Summary A preliminary contribution on some taxa belonging to the genera Boscia Lam., Cadaba Forssk. and Capparis L. in Somalia is presented. Cadaba somalensis Franch., traditionally treated as a synonym of C. heterotricha Stocks, is reinstated. Boscia flavescens Mattei is reduced to synonym of B. coriacea Pax. Cadaba heterotricha Stocks var. glabrata Chiov. is reduced to synonym of C. farinosa Forssk. subsp. adenotricha (Gilg & Bened.) R.A. Graham, taxon so far unrecorded from Somalia. The presence in the area of Capparis sepiaria L. var. stuhlmannii (Gilg) De Wolf is confirmed.