Showing papers on "Borderline intellectual functioning published in 1992"
Book•
1 Jan 1992
TL;DR: This work focuses on the epidemiology of Selected Mental Disorders in Later Life and the treatment of psychiatric disorders in the Elderly with a focus on alcohol and substance abuse.
Abstract: Background: B.D. Lebowitz and G. Niederehe, Concepts and Issues in Mental Health and Aging. J.C. Anthony and A. Aboraya, Epidemiology of Selected Mental Disorders in Later Life. D. Gutmann, Culture and Mental Health in Later Life. E.P. Stanford and B.C. Du Bois, Gender and Ethnicity Patterns. M.A. Lieberman and H. Peskin, Adult Life Crises. Neurosciences and Aging: A.B. Scheibel, Structural Changes in the Aging Brain. D.G. Morgan, Neurochemical Changes with Aging Predisposition towards Age-Related Mental Disorders. C.L. Grady and S.I. Rapoport, Cerebral Metabolism in Aging and Dementia. B. Gurland and S. Katz, The Outcomes of Psychiatric Disorder in the Elderly: Relevance to Quality of Life. Behavioral Sciences and Aging: F. Schieber, Aging and The Senses. J.A. Sugar and J. M. McDowd, Memory, Learning and Attention. W.R. Cunningham and K.L. Haman, Intellectual Functioning in Relation to Mental Health. H. Thomae, Emotion and Personality. Psychopathology of Later Life: H.G. Koenig and D.G. Blazer, Mood Disorders and Suicide. J.I. Sheikh, Anxiety and Its Disorders in Old Age. J. Sadavoy and B. Fogel, Personality Disorders in Old Age. P.V. Rabins, Schizophrenia and Psychotic States. M.A. Raskind and E.R. Peskind, Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementing Disorders. R.M. Atkinson, L. Ganzini, and M.J. Bernstein, Alcohol and Substance-Use Disorders in the Elderly. C.C. Hoch, D.J. Buysse, T.H. Monk, and C.F. Reynolds, Sleep Disorders and Aging. M.M. Seltzer, Aging in Persons with Developmental Disabilities. Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: E.D. Caine and H.T. Grossman, Neuropsychiatric Assessment. A. La Rue, J. Yang, and S. Osato, Neuropsychological Assessment. B.J. Kemp and J. Mitchell, Functional Assessment in Geriatric Mental Health. N.A. Newton and L.W. Lazarus, Behavioral and Psychotherapeutic Interventions. C. Salzman and J. Nevis-Olesen, Psychopharmacologic Treatment. V. Regnier and J. Pynoos, Environmental Interventions for Cognitively Impaired Older Adults. L.K. George, Community and Home Care for Mentally Ill Older Adults. M.H. Wykle, M.E. Segall, and S. Nagley, Mental Health and Aging: Hospital Care--A Nursing Perspective. B. Liptzin, Nursing Home Care. S. Eth and G.B. Leong, Forensic and Ethical Issues. G. Gottlieb, Economic Issues and Geriatric Mental Health Care. The Future: G.D. Cohen, The Future of Mental Health and Aging. Index.
716 citations
TL;DR: A Family Participation Index that was the sum of participation frequencies in each of the program modalities unique to the intervention revealed that program implementation was not different across the eight sites, consistent with previous research linking intensity of intervention services with degree of positive cognitive outcomes for high-risk infants.
Abstract: The Infant Health and Development Program was an eight-site randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of early intervention to enhance the cognitive, behavioral, and health status of low birth weight, premature infants. The 377 intervention families received for the first 3 years of life: (1) pediatric follow-up, (2) home visits, (3) parent support groups, and (4) a systematic educational program provided in specialized child development centers. The control group (n = 608) received the same pediatric follow-up and referral services only. This paper describes the delivery of the intervention and its outcomes. A Family Participation Index that was the sum of participation frequencies in each of the program modalities unique to the intervention revealed that program implementation was not different across the eight sites. Index scores did not vary systematically with mother9s ethnicity, age, or education or with child9s birth weight, gender, or neonatal health status; but they were positively related to children9s IQ scores at age 3. Only 1.9% of children of families in the highest tercile of participation scored in the mentally retarded range (IQ ≤70), whereas 3.5% and 13% of children in the middle and lowest participation terciles, respectively, scored in the retarded range. Similar findings were obtained for borderline intellectual functioning. These findings are consistent with previous research linking intensity of intervention services with degree of positive cognitive outcomes for high-risk infants. The determinants of variations in individual family participation remain unknown.
333 citations
TL;DR: Three aspects of intellectual functioning in persons with Prader-Willi syndrome were examined in two, related studies and no relationship was found between weight and degree of intellectual impairment.
Abstract: Three aspects of intellectual functioning in persons with Prader-Willi syndrome were examined in two, related studies. In study 1, 21 subjects were evaluated with a psychometric instrument that assesses neuropsychological styles of cognitive processing, the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. Prader-Willi subjects showed deficits in sequential processing, and strengths in academic achievement tasks such as reading and vocabulary. In contrast to previous reports on the syndrome, no relationship was found between weight and degree of intellectual impairment. Study 2 included a cross-sectional examination of the trajectory of IQ in 21 subjects aged 13 to 46 years, as well as a longitudinal analysis of 31 subjects aged 5 to 30 years who were tested twice with the same IQ test. No evidence of the previously described decline in IQ over time was noted in either the cross-sectional or longitudinal analyses. The implications of these findings for interventions are discussed.
155 citations
TL;DR: A deterioration in social and intellectual functioning between childhood and adolescence is associated with the development of a negative symptom syndrome in schizophrenia, and this appears to be an early prodrome of the disorder.
Abstract: Objective: The authors examined the relationship between negative symptoms and premorbid variables in drug-free schizophrenic patients Method: The authors studied 63 clinically stable male schizophrenic inpatients who were not receiving any psychoactive medication The patients were classified as having negative, positive, or mixed symptoms, and their premorbid f unctioning during childhood, early adolescence, and late adolescence was assessed by using the Preinorbid Adjustment Scale Correlational analyses were applied to the classification and developmentalmodels Results: Patients with negative symptoms had significantly lower levels ofpremorbid functioning during late adolescence and significantly greater premorbid deterioration between childhood and early adolescence Correlational analysis revealed significant positive relationships between premorbid variables and negative symptoms Conclusions: The data suggest that a deterioration in social and intellectual functioning between childhood and adolescence is associated with the development of a negative symptom syndrome in schizophrenia The premorbid deterioration appears to be an early prodrome of the disorder Whether this residual negative symptom syndrome is in some way related to the deficit syndrome ofschizophrenia awaits a prospective study (Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1543-1548)
95 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, behavior problems, social competence and cognitive functioning were assessed in 53 abused Black girls aged 5 through 16 years, and the results suggest that internal, subject variables affect the degree of dysfunction exhibited by sexually abused children.
Abstract: In order to explain some of the variability in the degree of maladjustment exhibited by sexually abused children, behavior problems, social competence and cognitive functioning were assessed in 53 abused Black girls aged 5 through 16 years. Internalizing dysfunction was positively related to three cognition-related variables: intellectual functioning, academic achievement, and age. Anxiety specifically about the abuse was positively related to age. Parent-reported self-blame for the abuse was associated with high scores on the intellectual, academic, and emotional distress measures. Thus cognitively advanced victims seemed to experience more emotional distress. Externalizing dysfunction was associated with low social competence. Sexual acting out was associated with emotional distress, overt behavior disturbance, and low social competence. These results suggest that internal, subject variables affect the degree of dysfunction exhibited by sexually abused children.
30 citations
TL;DR: This study investigated the intellectual functioning of a large group of eating disorder patients to examine two previously reported findings: this population exhibits above-average general intellectual skills and a specific pattern of strength in verbal abilities.
Abstract: This study investigated the intellectual functioning of a large group of eating disorder patients to examine two previously reported findings: (1) this population exhibits above-average general intellectual skills; and (2) a specific pattern of strength in verbal abilities. Standard intellectual testing of 100 consecutive inpatient females with eating disorder diagnoses was performed. Results indicate intellectual performance conforming to a normal distribution with no specific pattern of strengths or weaknesses.
21 citations
TL;DR: This study found intellectual and academic functioning of 76 children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis to be normally distributed.
Abstract: This study found intellectual and academic functioning of 76 children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis to be normally distributed. Intellectual functioning was related inversely to age, and both intellectual and academic functioning were related directly to socioeconomic status. Medical status did not add a significant increment in the amount of variance in intellectual and academic functioning accounted for by age and socioeconomic status.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the patterns of adaptive behavior in gifted and nongifted children in order to describe the construct of adaptive behaviour among children of various levels of intellectual capacity.
Abstract: The assessment of adaptive behavior enriches our view of a child's development beyond the traditional psychometric IQ, and considering it is relevant to the creation of an academic plan for that child. The purpose of this study was to compare the patterns of adaptive behavior in gifted and nongifted children in order to describe the construct of adaptive behavior among children of various levels of intellectual capacity. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, which measures four categories of adaptive behavior, was used in the analysis. The results indicated a significant difference between gifted and nongifted groups of children in the Vineland categories of communication, social skills, and daily living skills. However, the area of motor skill development did not yield significant differences between gifted and nongifted children. It was concluded that measures of adaptive behavior differ among children of varying levels of intellectual functioning. Implications for educational programs are discussed.
16 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In those who benefitted from the implant there were no psychopathological features, there was good cognitive functioning, a moderate level of concentration and attention span and a great degree of flexibility in personality traits, and following cochlear implantation there was considerable improvement in life style.
Abstract: Psychological aspects of cochlear implantation were studied in 20 adults and children. Patients were interviewed before admission and were given tests and questionnaires to answer with regard to overall wellbeing, intellectual functioning, hopes and beliefs, expectations with regard to the implant and the support they were getting (last 2 also for a family member). Those who passed the screening were referred for surgery, and those who didn't were referred for therapy. 6 months after implantation the patient and the family member were again interviewed and answered questionnaires with regard to adjustment to the implant and the patient's satisfaction with it. In those who benefitted from the implant there were no psychopathological features, there was good cognitive functioning, a moderate level of concentration and attention span and a great degree of flexibility in personality traits. Crucial to better adjustment was quality of family support. Following cochlear implantation there was considerable improvement in life style.
12 citations
1 Jan 1992
TL;DR: There is no reliable evidence at all that the process of menstruation gives rise to any objective deficits in intellectual functioning as discussed by the authors, and even when women are assessed on psychophysical tasks that are known to be sensitive to other human biorhythms, there is still no sign of any loss in cognitive efficiency; indeed, in some tasks at least, the highest level of processing capability appears to be manifested in the premenstrual phase.
Abstract: In very general terms, the argument pursued in this book thus far can be summarized as follows. Many women report that they experience reduced intellectual efficiency before and during menstruation, and both men and women assume that some impairment in objective cognitive performance is a characteristic feature of the paramenstruum (Chapter 1). There is, however, no reliable evidence at all that the process of menstruation gives rise to any objective deficits in intellectual functioning (Chapter 2). Even when women are assessed on psychophysical tasks that are known to be sensitive to other human biorhythms, there is still no sign of any loss in cognitive efficiency; indeed, in some tasks at least, the highest level of processing capability appears to be manifested in the premenstrual phase (Chapter 3). In spite of the methodological reservations discussed by Barbara Sommer in Chapter 2 concerning the acceptance of null findings, there is simply no support at all for the notion of paramenstrual cognitive debilitation.
7 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The data show that the levels of intellectual functioning of PKU and HPA patients do not differ from test norms until the age of 8 yr 6 months, and in the older PKU patients there appears to be a trend towards lower IQ scores.
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the intellectual development of patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) or hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA). Design Longitudinal follow-up study. Setting University Children's Hospitals of Amsterdam, Groningen, Nijmegen, and Rotterdam. Methods In September 1974 a nationwide neonatal screening for PKU started in the Netherlands. We obtained data on the intellectual development of 116 patients (101 classical PKU, 15 HPA), all detected and treated in the first 15 years of this screening. The children were tested at 6 ages with different instruments for the assessment of intellectual functions, and the scores were compared with the test norms. Performance and verbal capacities were determined as well as possible sex-related differences. Results Our data show that the levels of intellectual functioning of PKU and HPA patients do not differ from test norms until the age of 8 yr 6 months. In the older PKU patients there appears to be a trend towards lower IQ scores. We found no sex differences in the mental functioning of PKU patients. Conclusion Continuation of this study is necessary in order to investigate possible negative effects of PKU on cognitive functioning, especially in the older age groups.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The author reports the results of a study of 56 hospitalized borderline children in which score profiles from academic and cognitive measures were cluster analyzed and the incidence of independent learning disabilities as well as subgroup membership is examined.
Abstract: Children with borderline personality disorder are known to have a variety of school problems, including low achievement. Clinicians working with these youngsters have estimated that one third or more may be learning disabled; however, no empirical studies have confirmed these estimates. The author reports the results of a study of 56 hospitalized borderline children in which score profiles from academic and cognitive measures were cluster analyzed. She examines the incidence of independent learning disabilities as well as subgroup membership, and discusses implications for treatment.
TL;DR: The theoretical basis of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) and its potential for use as a diagnostic instrument with autistic children was evaluated by as discussed by the authors, who found no significant discriminant function that could differentiate a group of autistic children from a nonautistic control group of comparable cognitive ability on the basis of their K-ABC performance.
TL;DR: The diagnosis of mental retardation, except at the level of borderline functioning, presents no great difficulty.
Abstract: The diagnosis of mental retardation, except at the level of borderline functioning, presents no great difficulty. The condition, as classified in ICD-10 [1] and DSM-EH-R. [2], is a developmental disorder characterized by below-average intellectual functioning,
1 Jan 1992
TL;DR: By preventing such structural differences, improved prenatal and childhood nutrition will substantially increase intellectual functioning in prenatally malnourished populations.
Abstract: Malnourished children do not achieve the same levels of intellectual development and ability as adequately nourished children (Barnes, 1976; Birch & Gussow, 1970; Birch, 1972; Cravioto, DeLicardie, & Birch, 1966; Kaplan, 1972; Kelin & Pertz, 1978; Latham & Cobos, 1971; Tizard, 1976; Winick, 1970a; Zeskind & Ramey, 1978, 1981). Many believe that the lowered levels of intellectual development observed in malnourished children are due to structural differences in the brain, such as fewer and smaller brain cells, that are the direct result of inadequate nutrition during critical periods of brain growth (Cravioto et al., 1966; Kaplan, 1972; Kelin & Pertz, 1978; Latham & Cobos, 1971; Winick, 1970b). This line of reasoning suggests that by preventing such structural differences, improved prenatal and childhood nutrition will substantially increase intellectual functioning in prenatally malnourished populations (Barrett, Radke-Yarrow, & Klein, 1982; Dalby, 1978; Graham, 1985; Kaplan, 1972; Kelin & Pertz, 1978).
1 Jan 1992
TL;DR: This chapter reviews what is known about normative decline at different age levels and the significance of decline and dicsusses various extraneous variables that may either affect intellectual functioning or complicate the interpretation of test data obtained from elderly persons.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Competent intellectual functioning is essential for the positive mental health of the elderly. Humans generally, including the old, should be sensitive to their environments. They must also be aware of nuances in the reactions of others and be able to remember the joys, the triumphs, the accomplishments of a long life, the sorrows, and frustrations. They should be able to remember useful information to share with their children, now adults, and their peers. They should be able to carry out simple cognitive tasks with reasonable speed and be able to bring reasoning and insight to bear on intellectual and concrete problems. Information about intellectual functioning is often important to the clinician to allow selection of optimal therapy leading toward better mental health. This chapter reviews what is known about normative decline at different age levels and the significance of decline and dicsusses various extraneous variables that may either affect intellectual functioning or complicate the interpretation of test data obtained from elderly persons. The chapter also focuses on some practical issues of intellectual assessment and the possibility of further test development and construction with respect to the mature capacities of elderly people. Research on aging and intellectual functioning may be divided into three broad categories: studies of structure, studies of change in level, and considerations of various antecedents or extraneous variables that may have an important impact on intellectual functioning in the elderly.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Results of this study do not indicate the prevalence of behavior disorders in relation to intellectual functioning in the total population of delinquent children not officially declared, but they could be a valid index of the demand for mental health services for the delinquent children, in whom "nonintellectual factors" might have a significant role in shaping their behavior.
Abstract: Sixty-five institutionalized boy delinquents in Alexandria aged 11 to 21 years were screened for intellectual functioning (I.Q. level) in relation to behavioral deviance. Findings revealed that the mean I.Q. score on the intelligence scale was within the average level of intelligence. The presence of behavior disorder varied insignificantly as a function of intellectual level. Results of this study do not indicate the prevalence of behavior disorders in relation to intellectual functioning in the total population of delinquent children not officially declared. However, the results could be a valid index of the demand for mental health services for the delinquent children, in whom "nonintellectual factors" (familial and psychosocial) might have a significant role in shaping their behavior. Language: en
TL;DR: Infants are at greater risk than older children for significant, long-term neuropsychological, endocrine, and growth sequelae because the immature brain is susceptible to treatment-related pathologic changes.
Abstract: Neuropsychological outcome of 28 patients with brain tumors diagnosed before the age of 36 months (mean, 19 months) was assessed using a comprehensive battery of tests. Elapsed time between diagnosis and testing averaged 6.2 years. Half the patients had received cranial radiation therapy and surgery, with and without chemotherapy, whereas the rest had received only surgery, with or without chemotherapy. Groups were comparable with respect to tumor diagnosis and location, age at diagnosis, race, and sex. Intellectual functioning was significantly lower in children whose treatment included cranial irradiation than in those treated without cranial irradiation, and this effect was more pronounced in nonverbal than in verbal intellectual abilities. Mean scores for the radiation group were lower than for the no-radiation group in all areas assessed and were significantly below age-based normative means in five of the eight cognitive areas: intellectual, memory, attention, motor, and visual-spatial skills. Mean ...