Abstract: The variables of age, father's education, rural upbringing, religion, and region in which one was raised are related to the complexity of the child-rearing environment. Having been reared in a complex, multifaceted environment results in a relatively high level of intellectual functioning, a rejection of external constraints, and a subjectivism stressing concern for the quality of one's inner life. The latter two trends are components of the process of individuation which seems to characterize modern life.

Abstract: When the effects of relevant background variables and other family structure variables are controlled, coming from a large family is related to poor intellectual functioning and to having self-evaluative values while at the same time having a tendency toward authoritarianism. Individuals coming from families broken by divorce or separation are more anxious, distrustful, and less ideationally flexible than are the rest of the population; the decline in ideational flexibility being greater among those raised in households in which there were no adult males. The only effect of having a working mother was a greater receptivity to innovation. In summary, since these relationships were generally not very powerful, it can be concluded that when the effects of other relevant variables are controlled they have at most a modest effect on adult functioning. This paper examines the effects of three aspects of family structure (size of family of origin, intactness of that family, and mothers' working or nonworking status) upon men's values, orientations, and intellectual functioning as adults. There are pressing theoretical and methodological reasons for considering these three family structure variables together. From a theoretical point of view all three parental behaviors may be the result of the same orientation. Each of the three can be seen as reflecting parents' sense of individualism, the extent to which they see themselves as being of central importance in both the selection of means and the evaluation of ends. Limiting the number of one's children, getting divorced or separated, or being a working mother, all may stress the salience and importance of a parent's nonparental roles. Such behavior places an emphasis on parents meeting their own needs as individuals and a de-emphasis on the family's childrearing functions, functions that have been traditionally seen as best carried out by intact families in which the wife remains at home as a full-time mother and home-maker. Such an individualistic parental orientation may be transmitted directly to children

Abstract: The first investigation of the intellectual functioning of cleft palate children was conducted by Wolstadt (23) in 1931. This study suggested that the intelligence of cleft palate children is within normal limits. Subsequent studies (7, 9, 10, I], 16, 18) have also reported normal intelligence for the cleft palate groups they examined, although statistically signifi— cant differences in intelligence quotients (IQ) were found between cleft palate and non—cleft palate children. The higher IQ scores favored the non-cleft palate groups. Lewis (7) and Ruess (16"), have compared the intelligence of cleft palate children with that of their siblings. Lewis (9) found a significant difference between a cleft palate group and a sibling group on the Stanford-Bi-net Intelligence Scale with higher scores reported for the sibling group. Ruess (16) reported a significant difference in Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Verbal and Full Scale IQ's, but not in Performance IQ's for the two groups. The higher intelligence quotients favored the sibling group. Neither of the studies which included siblings as control subjects have reported audiometric information for either group. Hearing status would seem an important consideration since Means and Irwin (10) found a significant difference between Stanford-Binet IQ's for normal hearing cleft palate children and cleft palate children with poor hearing. In addition to studying overall differences in verbal and performance IQ's on intelligence tests, obtaining specific information concerning under-Ms. Marilyn M. Lamb is affiliated with the Special School District of St. Louis County Mo., 9820

Abstract: Summary.-30 hospitalized psychiatric in-patients exposed to a few hours of partial sensory deprivation (SD) showed a wide range of individual differences in their reactions. Reduced symptoms and improved intellecrual functioning after SD were the predominant group trends, but some individuals showed substantial changes in opposite directions. Individual differences in behavioral reactions during and after SD were significantly related to MMPI personality characteristics. Symptom reduction after SD was a function of characteristics quite different from those usually associated with prognosis for conventional verbal psychotherapy. The results suggested that many persons unlikely to benefit from traditional therapeutic procedures might show improved personality and intellectual functioning after a brief exposure to SD. There were many other complex relationships between personality variables and reactions to SD.

Abstract: Parents and their teenage children (N=104 families) were administered a battery of paper and pencil tests containing measures of English vocabulary, letter concepts, spelling, metal arithmetic, and identical blocks. After standardization of the results to correct for age, children scoring on any test 1 SD above or below the mean were identified and their parents compared to see whether the mother or father was the higher-scoring partner. Low-scoring children were found to have mothers scoring higher than fathers only 23% of the time, while high-scoring children had mothers exceeding their husbands 44% of the time. These results were interpreted as suggesting the presence of a maternal effect on intellectual functioning.

Abstract: The Johns Hopkins Collaborative Perinatal Study (Baltimore Maryland) provided an opportunity to investigate possible relationships between maternal age at delivery and subsequent intellectual functioning of the child. In this study extensive information is available for each mother-child pair from the time of registration for prenatal care through 8 years of postnatal life. The subjects were the children of women who registered in the Johns Hopkins Collaborative Perinatal Study. Of the 4558 registrants in the study after exclusion of prenatal cancellations there were 3263 cases with recorded maternal age birth weight and results of Stanford-Binet Intelligence test scores obtained between 3 years 9 months and 4 years 3 months. The remaining 1293 cases were eliminated from this analysis for a variety of reasons. The 3263 children for whom Binet intelligence quotient (IQ) scores were available included 1333 black males 1354 black females 299 white males and 277 white females. This population included a range in socioeconomic (SE) level from welfare recipients to professional workers but the mean SE Index for blacks was 4.1 and for whistes 4.4. The difference was not statistically significant. The mothers and children lived for the most part in East Baltimore and came from the lower middle and lower socioeconomic levels of society. Each of the 3263 subjects was individually tested on the revised form of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test in addition to other measurements which comprised the routine 4-year psychological battery according to the protocol devised for the National Collaborative Perinatal Study. The null hypothesis that maternal age at the time of delivery has no relationship to the later intellectual functioning of the mothers offspring was tested and found to be incorrect. For both blacks and whites both intellectual functioning and birth weight increased with maternal age. The youngest black mother produced children with mean IQ scores in the mid 80s; older black mothers produces children with mean scores in the mid 90s. Young white mothers on the average slightly older than blacks produced children with scores in the lower 90s. The observed increase in IQ scores with increasing maternal age was clearly seen even when the effect of birth weight was minimized by exclusion of babies weighing less than 2500 grams at birth. When birth weight and IQ scores were compared babies weighing less than 2000 grams were observed to have the lowest mean IQ scores. This effect was most marked in the black male population. The black-white differences in measured intelligence in this sample were much smaller than are reported in other studies. The similarity in the mean IQ scores in this population may reflect the fact that both groups of children came from the lower middle and lower socioeconomic levels of Baltimore City.

Abstract: Introduction It is the belief of many authorities that three out of every one hundred children are born mentally retarded1 This statistic alone provides strong reason to conduct research in the field of mental retardation Research that has been done in this field has been concentrated on medical and psychological phenomena such as chromosone and metabolic processes, muscular-neurological skill development, and intellectual functioning associated with retardation The arena of social research in mental retardation is still open for much pioneer study The need for social research is particularly dire in the area of the more severe cases of retardation involving non-ambulation These cases are professionally referred to as "crib" cases and require full-time nursing care for their daily physical functioning These patients, however, are too often collectively written off by the removed and sometimes the not-so-removed lay public as "vegetable" cases In view of this paucity of social research and the prevalence of myths concerning the potential social functioning of crib patients, I chose to investigate whether social groups exist among institutionalized mentally retarded patients on a crib ward, and if they exist, to further explore the contributing and inhibiting factors associated with their existence2

Abstract: SynopsisThe child’s response to hospitalisation, depending upon his emotional and intellectual development, follows a certain pattern throughout childhood. The mentally sub-normal follows this natural sequence, although it is delayed in proportion to the degree of handicap. He has, in addition, advantages and disadvantages unique to his condition.Admission to hospital may be necessary for medical reasons (physical illness is more common among the sub-normal); also for assessment of social and intellectual functioning. The latter is particularly relevant to Queensland, where the Brisbane Children’s Hospital caters for the entire state and hospitalisation may be necessary for geographical reasons alone. A comprehensive assessment programme, parsimonious of time and developed to fulfil this need, is described.Satisfactory management depends upon the emotional attitudes of the staff and the need to develop a cot’s eye view. Teaching methods relating to this are discussed.

Abstract: Intellectual functioning at school age was studied in boys who had been severely malnourished during the first 2 years of life (index cases). IQ in these index cases was compared with that of male siblings closest in age and unrelated class mates or neighbors matched for sex and age (comparisons). Full Scale, Verbal and Performance IQs were lowest for the index cases. All IQ measures were significantly lower in the index cases than in the comparisons. Full Scale and Verbal IQ were significantly lower in the index cases than in the siblings. Siblings differed from comparison children only in Performance IQ. No association was found between the intellectual level of index cases and the ages at which they had been hospitalized for the treatment of severe malnutrition during the first 2 years of life.

Abstract: Initial data from an investigation of intellectual functioning of patients with parkinsonism is reported. Forty-seven white, American born, noninstitutionalized persons with idiopathic parkinsonism and without any other demonstrable disease of the central nervous system, and a matched group of contr